Table 2 Seven-year trajectories of global cognition (0–32) by cognitive reserve in urban residents (N = 2701)

Mean

15.362 (14.972, 15.751)

−0.293 (− 0.429, − 0.156)

14.562 (13.858, 15.266)

− 0.233 (− 0.432, − 0.035)

15.140 (14.429, 15.851)

− 0.287 (− 0.489, − 0.085)

Variance

8.462 (7.211, 9.714)

0.136 (0.062, 0.211)

8.269 (7.026, 9.512)

0.131 (0.057, 0.205)

7.912 (6.697, 9.127)

0.131 (0.057, 0.205)

Cognitive reserve

1.742 (1.652, 1.833)^*

0.048 (0.026, 0.071)^*

1.714 (1.623, 1.805)^*

0.047 (0.024, 0.069)^*

1.615 (1.521, 1.709)^*

0.054 (0.031, 0.077)^*

Baseline age, centred

−0.157 (− 0.228, − 0.086)^*

−0.021 (− 0.040, − 0.002)^*

−0.146 (− 0.217, − 0.074)^*

−0.020 (− 0.039, 0.000)

−0.148 (− 0.219, − 0.078)^*

−0.019 (− 0.038, 0.000)

Baseline age, squared

− 0.002 (− 0.005, 0.002)

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

−0.001 (− 0.005, 0.002)

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

− 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.002)

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

 Men

Ref

–

–

–

–

–

 Women

−0.543 (− 0.881, − 0.204)^*

0.092 (0.011, 0.172)^*

−0.455 (− 0.898, − 0.013)^*

0.021 (− 0.086, 0.127)

−0.364 (− 0.804, 0.077)

0.003 (− 0.103, 0.110)

 Unmarried

Ref

–

–

–

 Married

0.352 (−0.092, 0.797)

0.039 (−0.074, 0.151)

0.272 (− 0.167, 0.711)

0.042 (− 0.071, 0.154)

 Never

Ref

–

–

–

 1/month

1.373 (−0.589, 3.334)

−0.199 (− 0.686, 0.289)

1.125 (− 0.809, 3.060)

−0.177 (− 0.664, 0.310)

 2–3/month

0.541 (−0.728, 1.810)

0.051 (− 0.250, 0.353)

0.415 (− 0.837, 1.667)

0.075 (− 0.227, 0.376)

 1–6/week

0.112 (− 0.827, 1.051)

−0.163 (− 0.390, 0.064)

0.126 (− 0.801, 1.052)

−0.176 (− 0.403, 0.051)

 ≥1/day

0.078 (−0.507, 0.663)

0.027 (−0.110, 0.164)

0.027 (− 0.551, 0.606)

0.029 (− 0.108, 0.166)

 Never

Ref

–

–

–

 Former

0.427 (−0.124, 0.979)

−0.141 (− 0.276, − 0.007)^*

0.505 (− 0.040, 1.050)

−0.150 (− 0.284, − 0.015)^*

 Current

− 0.069 (− 0.528, 0.391)

− 0.122 (− 0.231, − 0.012)^*

−0.035 (− 0.489, 0.418)

−0.123 (− 0.232, − 0.014)^*

 Underweight

−0.324 (−1.122, 0.474)

0.034 (− 0.169, 0.238)

−0.266 (− 1.059, 0.526)

0.031 (− 0.173, 0.235)

 Normal

Ref

–

–

–

 Overweight

0.791 (0.370, 1.212)^*

0.017 (−0.082, 0.116)

0.738 (0.314, 1.161)^*

0.018 (− 0.082, 0.119)

 Obesity

0.553 (−0.007, 1.112)

− 0.057 (− 0.188, 0.075)

0.457 (− 0.116, 1.030)

− 0.059 (− 0.196, 0.077)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

−0.428 (− 0.975, 0.119)

−0.011 (− 0.155, 0.133)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

−0.183 (− 0.544, 0.177)

0.006 (−0.082, 0.094)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

0.035 (−0.485, 0.556)

− 0.054 (− 0.181, 0.073)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

0.194 (−0.207, 0.595)

−0.004 (− 0.102, 0.095)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

−0.243 (−1.084, 0.599)

− 0.191 (− 0.428, 0.047)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

0.166 (−0.304, 0.637)

0.088 (− 0.026, 0.202)

 No

Ref

–

 Yes

−1.059 (−1.468, − 0.649)^*

0.094 (− 0.009, 0.197)

ADLs (0–6)

−0.487 (− 0.668, − 0.306)^*

0.064 (0.012, 0.117)^*