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Table 3 Regression of subjective health on informal caregiving, by estimation model

From: Gender differences in the relationship between informal caregiving and subjective health: the mediating role of health promoting behaviors

Gender

Full

   

Estimation model

GEE

FE

GEE

FE

Health satisfaction

Health satisfaction

Self-rated health

Self-rated health

at t + 1

at t

at t + 1

at t

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Change in informal caregiving between t and t + 1 (Ref: No to No)

 Started CG (No to Yes)

0.721

 

-0.019

 

[-2.267,3.709]

 

[-0.085,0.047]

 

 Stopped CG (Yes to No)

-2.081

 

0.000

 

[-4.936,0.773]

 

[-0.059,0.059]

 

 Continued CG (Yes to Yes)

0.807

 

-0.018

 

[-3.665,5.279]

 

[-0.119,0.082]

 

 Started CG × Female a

-4.046 (0.029)*

 

-0.046 (0.260)

 

[-7.688,-0.403]

 

[-0.126,0.034]

 

 Stopped CG × Female a

1.382 (0.425)

 

0.000 (0.990)

 

[-2.014,4.779]

 

[-0.071,0.072]

 

 Continued CG × Female a

-2.844 (0.392)

 

-0.107 (0.073)

 

[-9.353,3.665]

 

[-0.224,0.010]

 

 Informal caregiving status at t

  Yes

 

1.928

 

0.019

 

[-0.850,4.706]

 

[-0.045,0.083]

  Yes × Female a

 

-5.981 (0.001)***

 

-0.079 (0.040)*

 

[-9.486,-2.476]

 

[-0.155,-0.004]

  N

9,606

9,606

9,608

9,608

  Observations

42,482

42,482

42,507

42,507

  Time-constant control variables

Yes

No

Yes

No

  Time-varying control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  Lagged dependent variable

Yes

No

Yes

No

  1. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
  2. Note. a reported with p-value in a parentheses. Robust standard errors in GEE models and clustered standard errors in FE models were used. In the models, survey years were adjusted for. Time-constant control variables include gender, age, education, and number of children. Time-varying control variables include marital status, household size, household income, home owner, economic activity, region of residence, and number of chronic diseases. GEE Generalized Estimating Equation, FE Fixed Effects, DV Dependent Variable, CG Caregiver