Table 4 Factors associated with lipid-lowering medications use for primary prevention of CVD^

 Malay

1

1

 Chinese

2.42 (1.98–2.95)

0.000*

1.38 (0.89–2.16)

0.154

 Indian

2.69 (1.91–3.80)

0.000*

1.31 (0.70–2.43)

0.396

 Indigenous

0.34 (0.23–0.50)

0.000*

1.01 (0.58–1.77)

0.960

 No formal education

1

1

 Primary school

1.63 (1.17–2.29)

0.004*

1.50 (0.73–3.08)

0.274

 Secondary school

2.16 (1.57–2.97)

0.000*

3.24 (1.61–6.52)

0.001*

 Tertiary

3.08 (2.21–4.27)

0.000*

3.02 (1.37–6.66)

0.006*

 Urban

1

1

 Rural

0.32 (0.27–0.38)

0.000*

0.56 (0.40–0.79)

0.001*

 Homemaker/unemployed

1

1

 Semi-skilled

0.69 (0.58–0.83)

0.000*

0.78 (0.53–1.15)

0.212

 Skilled workers

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

0.224

0.93 (0.55–1.56)

0.784

 Managerial and Professional

1.58 (1.22–2.04)

0.001*

1.03 (0.58–1.85)

0.920

 Bottom 40% (≤ RM 4849)

1

1

 Middle 40% – Top 20% (≥ RM 4850)

2.81 (2.08–3.79)

0.000*

1.54 (1.06–2.24)

0.025*

 Low risk <  10%

1

1

 Intermediate risk 10–20%

1.76 (1.43–2.16)

0.000*

2.50 (1.78–3.49)

0.000*

 High risk >  20%

2.61 (2.17–3.14)

0.000*

3.81 (2.78–5.23)

0.000*