Table 5 Knowledge, awareness and beliefs about cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening in the survey participants
From: Cervical cancer screening coverage and its related knowledge in southern Malawi
| Â | Screened by health centers with supported cervical cancer services (health passport or self-report) | Screened by health centers without supported cervical cancer services (health passport or self-report) | Never screened for cervical cancer | Total | Â | Â | Â | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n | Col. % | 95% CI | n | Col. % | 95% CI | n | Col. % | 95% CI | n | Col. % | 95% CI | p-value |
Knowledge of cervical cancer | |||||||||||||
 No | 3 | 2.1 | 0.4-11.7 | 3 | 1.7 | 0.5-6.0 | 111 | 6.0 | 4.2-8.6 | 117 | 4.4 | 3.0-6.4 | 0.069 |
 Yes | 298 | 97.9 | 88.3-99.6 | 319 | 98.3 | 94.0-99.5 | 1116 | 94.0 | 91.4-95.8 | 1733 | 95.6 | 93.6-97.0 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Knowledge of cervical cancer screening | |||||||||||||
 No | 21 | 6.4 | 2.6-15.0 | 37 | 9.3 | 6.1-14.0 | 448 | 34.4 | 28.6-40.7 | 506 | 24.5 | 20.5-29.0 | p<0.001 |
 Yes | 279 | 93.5 | 84.9-97.3 | 284 | 90.6 | 86.0-93.8 | 765 | 64.6 | 58.1-70.5 | 1328 | 74.8 | 70.3-78.9 |  |
 Do not know | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0-1.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0-0.5 | 14 | 1.1 | 0.4-2.7 | 16 | 0.7 | 0.3-1.7 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms | |||||||||||||
 No | 151 | 50.0 | 41.5-58.5 | 156 | 49.6 | 41.3-58.0 | 898 | 75.4 | 72.4-78.2 | 1205 | 65.6 | 62.1-69.0 | p<0.001 |
 Yes | 150 | 50.0 | 41.5-58.5 | 166 | 50.4 | 42.0-58.7 | 329 | 24.6 | 21.8-27.6 | 645 | 34.4 | 31.0-37.9 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Awareness of being at risk for cervical cancer themselves | |||||||||||||
 No | 118 | 43.6 | 33.3-54.5 | 82 | 28.8 | 22.0-36.8 | 217 | 23.4 | 19.7-27.4 | 417 | 27.2 | 23.3-31.4 | 0.006 |
 Yes | 167 | 50.8 | 40.0-61.5 | 199 | 54.1 | 45.8-62.2 | 809 | 56.3 | 51.6-60.9 | 1175 | 55.1 | 51.0-59.1 |  |
 Do not know | 16 | 5.6 | 2.6-11.6 | 41 | 17.1 | 10.1-27.3 | 201 | 20.3 | 16.1-25.3 | 258 | 17.7 | 14.4-21.6 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Awareness of possibility to prevent cervical cancer | |||||||||||||
 No | 61 | 15.3 | 11.0-20.9 | 52 | 11.0 | 7.5-15.9 | 292 | 20.6 | 16.5-25.5 | 405 | 17.5 | 14.5-20.9 | 0.001 |
 Yes | 212 | 75.7 | 68.2-81.8 | 242 | 79.6 | 74.6-83.8 | 722 | 61.9 | 55.7-67.7 | 1176 | 68.1 | 64.2-71.8 |  |
 Do not know | 28 | 9.0 | 5.0-15.9 | 28 | 9.4 | 5.6-15.5 | 213 | 17.5 | 13.6-22.3 | 269 | 14.4 | 11.8-17.5 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Awareness of possibility to cure cervical cancer | |||||||||||||
 No | 50 | 13.8 | 7.8-23.0 | 60 | 13.1 | 8.3-20.0 | 277 | 21.2 | 17.7-25.2 | 387 | 18.2 | 15.7-21.0 | 0.001 |
 Yes | 240 | 84.7 | 76.2-90.5 | 244 | 81.9 | 74.0-87.9 | 798 | 67.5 | 63.0-71.6 | 1282 | 73.3 | 70.1-76.2 |  |
 Do not know | 11 | 1.5 | 0.8-3.1 | 18 | 5.0 | 2.2-10.7 | 152 | 11.3 | 9.2-13.9 | 181 | 8.5 | 7.1-10.3 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Knowledge on prevention methods, such as: | |||||||||||||
- Medical check-up, VIA screening, HPV vaccination | |||||||||||||
 True | 287 | 94.6 | 86.9-97.9 | 300 | 91.7 | 84.8-95.7 | 1119 | 92.4 | 88.9-94.9 | 1706 | 92.5 | 89.6-94.7 | 0.602 |
 False | 10 | 4.8 | 1.7-12.9 | 16 | 4.8 | 2.2-10.2 | 69 | 5.2 | 3.4-7.8 | 95 | 5.0 | 3.4-7.3 |  |
 Do not know | 4 | 0.6 | 0.2-1.6 | 6 | 3.4 | 1.6-7.3 | 39 | 2.4 | 1.4-4.2 | 49 | 2.5 | 1.6-3.8 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
- Being faithful to a sexual partner | |||||||||||||
 True | 270 | 85.5 | 74.6-92.2 | 290 | 89.6 | 83.7-93.5 | 1033 | 87.5 | 84.1-90.2 | 1593 | 87.8 | 84.3-90.6 | 0.332 |
 False | 25 | 12.0 | 6.0-22.5 | 23 | 5.3 | 2.8-9.9 | 143 | 8.5 | 6.6-10.9 | 191 | 8.1 | 6.1-10.6 |  |
 Do not know | 6 | 2.5 | 0.6-10.6 | 9 | 5.1 | 2.4-10.8 | 51 | 4.0 | 2.6-6.2 | 66 | 4.1 | 2.7-6.3 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
- Delaying sexual debut | |||||||||||||
 True | 173 | 59.9 | 51.3-67.9 | 206 | 63.6 | 57.4-69.3 | 663 | 55.7 | 51.2-60.1 | 1042 | 58.3 | 54.8-61.6 | 0.134 |
 False | 84 | 28.8 | 18.2-42.4 | 66 | 18.7 | 14.4-23.9 | 352 | 27.1 | 22.6-32.2 | 502 | 25.1 | 21.7-28.8 |  |
 Do not know | 44 | 11.3 | 5.6-21.4 | 50 | 17.7 | 12.9-23.8 | 212 | 17.2 | 13.9-21.1 | 306 | 16.6 | 13.8-19.8 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Knowledge of being HIV positive as a risk factor | |||||||||||||
 No | 50 | 18.9 | 12.1-28.3 | 36 | 11.5 | 7.1-18.0 | 192 | 15.6 | 12.1-19.9 | 278 | 14.9 | 12.1-18.2 | 0.222 |
 Yes | 221 | 68.5 | 56.0-78.8 | 255 | 79.7 | 72.4-85.4 | 875 | 70.0 | 66.0-73.6 | 1351 | 72.3 | 69.1-75.4 |  |
 Do not know | 30 | 12.6 | 6.1-24.3 | 31 | 8.8 | 4.8-15.7 | 160 | 14.4 | 11.7-17.6 | 221 | 12.8 | 10.8-15.0 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |
Believe in witchcraft as cause for cervical cancer | |||||||||||||
 No | 177 | 63.9 | 55.4-71.6 | 219 | 72.0 | 63.5-79.2 | 670 | 60.0 | 53.1-66.6 | 1066 | 63.6 | 58.6-68.4 | 0.03 |
 Yes | 82 | 25.1 | 18.6-33.1 | 62 | 13.9 | 9.2-20.5 | 360 | 26.1 | 22.0-30.7 | 504 | 22.8 | 19.4-26.5 |  |
 Do not know | 42 | 11.0 | 6.3-18.6 | 41 | 14.1 | 9.1-21.2 | 197 | 13.9 | 10.6-17.9 | 280 | 13.6 | 10.9-16.8 |  |
 Total | 301 | 100 |  | 322 | 100 |  | 1227 | 100 |  | 1850 | 100 |  |  |