Table 2 Characteristics associated with cervical cancer screening in survey participants, Blantyre City and Chiradzulu District, Malawi
From: Cervical cancer screening coverage and its related knowledge in southern Malawi
| Â | All strata pooled | Blantyre City | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Never screened | Screened | Â | Never screened | Screened | Â | ||||||||
| Â | n | Row % | 95% CI | n | Row % | 95% CI | p-value | n | Row % | 95% CI | n | Row % | 95% CI | p-value |
Age groups (Years) | ||||||||||||||
 25-35 | 782 | 66.6 | 62.7-70.3 | 343 | 33.4 | 29.7-37.3 | p<0.001 | 143 | 64.7 | 58.1-70.8 | 78 | 35.3 | 29.2-41.9 | 0.013 |
 36-49 | 445 | 55.2 | 49.3-61.1 | 280 | 44.8 | 38.9-50.7 |  | 62 | 50.8 | 42.0-59.6 | 60 | 49.2 | 40.4-58.0 |  |
 Total | 1227 | 62.4 | 58.8-65.8 | 623 | 37.6 | 34.2-41.2 |  | 205 | 59.8 | 54.5-64.9 | 138 | 40.2 | 35.1-45.5 |  |
Literacy | ||||||||||||||
 Illiterate | 341 | 73.8 | 67.4-79.2 | 120 | 26.2 | 20.8-32.6 | p<0.001 | 38 | 73.1 | 59.5-83.4 | 14 | 26.9 | 16.6-40.5 | 0.035 |
 Literate | 886 | 59.8 | 55.8-63.6 | 503 | 40.2 | 36.4-44.2 |  | 167 | 57.4 | 51.6-63.0 | 124 | 42.6 | 37.0-48.4 |  |
 Total | 1227 | 62.4 | 58.8-65.8 | 623 | 37.6 | 34.2-41.2 |  | 205 | 59.8 | 54.5-64.9 | 138 | 40.2 | 35.1-45.5 |  |
Education Level | ||||||||||||||
 Less than primary school | 782 | 69.2 | 63.2-74.5 | 345 | 30.8 | 25.5-36.8 | p<0.001 | 98 | 68.5 | 60.4-75.6 | 45 | 31.5 | 24.4-39.6 | 0.010 |
 Primary and less than secondary | 326 | 61.0 | 54.4-67.2 | 182 | 39.0 | 32.8-45.6 |  | 59 | 59.0 | 49.1-68.2 | 41 | 41.0 | 31.8-50.9 |  |
 Secondary or higher school | 114 | 49.7 | 42.3-57.1 | 95 | 50.3 | 42.9-57.7 |  | 48 | 48.5 | 38.8-58.3 | 51 | 51.5 | 41.7-61.2 |  |
 Missing data | 5 | 34.6 | 5.3-83.3 | 1 | 65.4 | 16.7-94.7 |  | 0 | 0.0 |  | 1 | 100.0 |  |  |
 Total | 1227 | 62.4 | 58.8-65.8 | 623 | 37.6 | 34.2-41.2 |  | 205 | 59.8 | 54.5-64.9 | 138 | 40.2 | 35.1-45.5 |  |
Average monthly household income (MK - Malawian Kwacha)a | ||||||||||||||
 <  20,000 MK | 767 | 68.6 | 62.7-74.0 | 330 | 31.4 | 26.0-37.3 | 0.001 | 54 | 65.9 | 54.9-75.3 | 28 | 34.1 | 24.7-45.1 | 0.010 |
 20,000-40,000 MK | 292 | 66.8 | 61.4-71.8 | 159 | 33.2 | 28.2-38.6 |  | 75 | 67.6 | 58.3-75.6 | 36 | 32.4 | 24.4-41.7 |  |
 >  40,000 MK | 168 | 51.6 | 43.7-59.3 | 134 | 48.4 | 40.7-56.3 |  | 76 | 50.7 | 42.7-58.6 | 74 | 49.3 | 41.4-57.3 |  |
 Total | 1227 | 62.4 | 58.8-65.8 | 623 | 37.6 | 34.2-41.2 |  | 205 | 59.8 | 54.5-64.9 | 138 | 40.2 | 35.1-45.5 |  |
HIV Status | ||||||||||||||
 Negative | 963 | 63.6 | 60.1-67.0 | 439 | 36.4 | 33.0-39.9 | 0.363 | 172 | 60.6 | 54.7-66.1 | 112 | 39.4 | 33.9-45.3 | 0.752 |
 Positive (on anti-retroviral therapy, ART) | 237 | 57.3 | 50.2-64.2 | 177 | 42.7 | 35.8-49.8 |  | 29 | 56.9 | 43.0-69.7 | 22 | 43.1 | 30.3-57.0 |  |
 Unknown or no answer given | 27 | 59.8 | 30.8-83.2 | 7 | 40.2 | 16.8-69.2 |  | 4 | 50.0 | 19.9-80.1 | 4 | 5.0 | 19.9-80.1 |  |
 Total | 1227 | 62.4 | 58.8-65.8 | 623 | 37.6 | 34.2-41.2 |  | 205 | 59.8 | 54.5-64.9 | 138 | 40.2 | 35.1-45.5 |  |
| Â | Chiradzulu District with supported cervical cancer screening services | Chiradzulu District without supported cervical cancer screening services | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Never screened | Screened | Â | Never screened | Screened | Â | ||||||||
| Â | n | Row % | 95% CI | n | Row % | 95% CI | p-value | n | Row % | 95% CI | n | Row % | 95% CI | p-value |
Age groups (Years) | ||||||||||||||
 25-35 | 295 | 64.1 | 56.5-71.1 | 165 | 35.9 | 28.9-43.5 | 0.022 | 344 | 77.5 | 70.5-83.2 | 100 | 22.5 | 16.8-29.5 | 0.035 |
 36-49 | 166 | 56.3 | 49.2-63.1 | 129 | 43.7 | 36.9-50.8 |  | 217 | 70.5 | 62.3-77.5 | 91 | 29.5 | 22.5-37.7 |  |
 Total | 461 | 61.1 | 54.5-67.3 | 294 | 38.9 | 32.7-45.5 |  | 561 | 74.6 | 68.1-80.2 | 191 | 25.4 | 19.8-31.9 |  |
Literacy | ||||||||||||||
 Illiterate | 156 | 67.5 | 60.0-74.3 | 75 | 32.5 | 25.7-40.0 | 0.028 | 147 | 82.6 | 72.4-89.5 | 31 | 17.4 | 10.5-27.6 | 0.025 |
 Literate | 305 | 58.2 | 50.7-65.3 | 219 | 41.8 | 34.7-49.3 |  | 414 | 72.1 | 65.6-77.8 | 160 | 27.9 | 22.2-34.4 |  |
 Total | 461 | 61.1 | 54.5-67.3 | 294 | 38.9 | 32.7-45.5 |  | 561 | 74.6 | 68.1-80.2 | 191 | 25.4 | 19.8-31.9 |  |
Education Level | ||||||||||||||
 Less than primary school | 320 | 62.4 | 55.2-69.1 | 193 | 37.6 | 30.9-44.8 | 0.351 | 364 | 77.3 | 69.7-83.4 | 107 | 22.7 | 16.6-30.3 | 0.125 |
 Primary and less than secondary | 110 | 59.8 | 50.9-68.1 | 74 | 40.2 | 31.9-49.1 |  | 157 | 70.1 | 62.3-76.9 | 67 | 29.9 | 23.1-37.7 |  |
 Secondary or higher school | 30 | 52.6 | 41.5-63.5 | 27 | 47.4 | 36.5-58.5 |  | 36 | 67.9 | 53.6-79.5 | 17 | 32.1 | 20.5-46.4 |  |
 Missing data | 1 | 100.0 |  | 0 | 0.0 |  |  | 4 | 100.0 |  | 0 | 0.0 |  |  |
 Total | 461 | 61.1 | 54.5-67.3 | 294 | 38.9 | 32.7-45.5 |  | 561 | 74.6 | 68.1-80.2 | 191 | 25.4 | 19.8-31.9 |  |
Average monthly household income (MK - Malawian Kwacha)a | ||||||||||||||
 <  20,000 MK | 286 | 61.8 | 53.8-69.2 | 177 | 38.2 | 30.8-46.2 | 0.777 | 427 | 77.4 | 70.7-82.8 | 125 | 22.6 | 17.2-29.3 | 0.006 |
 20,000-40,000 MK | 118 | 59.0 | 50.4-67.1 | 82 | 41.0 | 32.9-49.6 |  | 99 | 70.7 | 59.9-79.6 | 41 | 29.3 | 20.4-40.1 |  |
 >  40,000 MK | 57 | 62.0 | 51.8-71.1 | 35 | 38.0 | 28.9-48.2 |  | 35 | 58.3 | 45.1-70.5 | 25 | 41.7 | 29.5-54.9 |  |
 Total | 461 | 61.1 | 54.5-67.3 | 294 | 38.9 | 32.7-45.5 |  | 561 | 74.6 | 68.1-80.2 | 191 | 25.4 | 19.8-31.9 |  |
HIV Status | ||||||||||||||
 Negative | 360 | 65.0 | 57.9-71.5 | 194 | 35.0 | 28.5-42.1 | p<0.001 | 431 | 76.4 | 69.1-82.4 | 133 | 23.6 | 17.6-30.9 | 0.028 |
 Positive (on anti-retroviral therapy, ART) | 94 | 48.7 | 39.5-58.0 | 99 | 51.3 | 42.0-60.5 |  | 114 | 67.1 | 58.1-74.9 | 56 | 32.9 | 25.1-41.9 |  |
 Unknown or no answer given | 7 | 87.5 | 57.9-97.3 | 1 | 12.5 | 2.7-42.1 |  | 16 | 88.9 | 62.4-97.5 | 2 | 11.1 | 2.5-37.6 |  |
 Total | 461 | 61.1 | 54.5-67.3 | 294 | 38.9 | 32.7-45.5 |  | 561 | 74.6 | 68.1-80.2 | 191 | 25.4 | 19.8-31.9 |  |