Table 2 Overview of characteristics and topics covered in the included studies (n=53)

[21]

Ahn et al. 2019

Cross-sectional

22,788

x

x

[5]

Bagalkot et al. 2014

Cross-sectional

2,964

x

x

x

x

[22]

Chan et al. 2015

Ecological study

197,177^a

x

x

[23]

Chin et al. 2011

Cross-sectional

6,969

x

x

x

[24]

Cho et al. 2007

Prospective cohort study

642,151

x

x

[25]

Choi et al. 2019

Retrospective cohort study

558,147

x

x

[26]

Fukai et al. 2020

Cross-sectional

1,200

x

x

[27]

Han and Lee 2013

Ecological study

5,222

x

x

x

x

[28]

Hong et al. 2011

Ecological study

83,980

x

x

x

[29]

Jeong and Chun 2019

Cross-sectional

77,407

x

x

x

x

[30]

Jo et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

75,238

x

x

[31]

Joo and Roh 2016

Cross-sectional

543

x

x

x

x

[32]

Ju et al. 2016

Cross-sectional

58,590

x

x

[33]

Kang et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

72,623

x

x

x

[34]

Kang et al. 2014

Cohort study

1,204

x

x

x

x

[35]

Kang et al. 2017

Cross-sectional

14,114

x

x

[36]

Ki et al. 2017

Pathway analysis, used cross-sectional data

34,565

x

x

x

x

[37]

Kim et al. 2020

Retrospective cohort study

34,535

x

x

[38]

Kim et al. 2016a

Cross-sectional

220,245

x

x

x

x

[39]

Kim and Yoon 2018

Cross-sectional

4,969

x

x

x

x

[40]

Kim et al. 2006

Case-control study

8,949^a

x

x

x

x

x

x

[41]

Kim et al. 2016b

Cross-sectional

19,261

x

x

x

x

[42]

Kim et al. 2017

Retrospective cohort study

2,912

x

x

[43]

Kim et al. 2010

Ecological study

30,666

x

x

x

x

[44]

Kim et al. 2014

Path analysis, used cross-sectional data

684

x

x

[45]

Kim and You 2019

Secondary analysis of retrospective panel data

10,988

x

x

x

[46]

Kim et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

53,969

x

x

[47]

Kim et al. 2019b

Longitudinal case study

25,862

x

x

[48]

Kim et al. 2019c

Ecological study

56,151^a

x

x

[49]

Ko et al. 2014

Cross-sectional

74,186

x

x

[50]

Kwak and Kim 2017

Cross-sectional

1,431

x

x

[51]

Lee and Hong 2017

Retrospective study

4,944,632

x

x

[52]

Lee et al. 2008

Cross-sectional

368

x

x

x

[53]

Lee et al. 2019a

Cross-sectional

247,222

x

x

[54]

Lee et al. 2017

Retrospective cohort study

1,017,468

x

x

[55]

Lim et al. 2015

Ecological study

81,354,834

x

x

[56]

Min et al. 2019

Cross-sectional

64,802

x

x

x

[57]

Min et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

52,161

x

x

x

[58]

Moon and Park 2012

Cross-sectional

7,301

x

x

x

[59]

Park and Lee 2015

Cross-sectional

12,148

x

x

x

[60]

Park et al. 2016a

Cross-sectional

10,674

x

x

x

x

[61]

Park and Lee 2016

Cross-sectional

727

x

x

x

[62]

Rim et al. 2020

Cross-sectional

1,212

x

x

x

x

[62]

Ro et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

49,357

x

x

x

[64]

Shin et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

4,247

x

x

[65]

Shin et al. 2009

Cohort study

1,857

x

x

x

[66]

Sohn et al. 2014

Case-control

45,150

x

x

[67]

Yi and Hong 2020

Cross-sectional

7,257

x

x

x

x

x

x

[68]

Yoon et al. 2015a

Cross-sectional

67,471

x

x

[69]

Yoon et al. 2015b

Cross-sectional

306

x

x

[70]

Yoon et al. 2016

Cross-sectional

1,995

x

x

[71]

Yoon et al. 2015c

Cross-sectional

12,076

x

x

[72]

Yoon et al. 2017

Cohort study

3,793

x

x