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Table 2 Results of the adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses

From: Association between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and generalized trust, depression, generalized anxiety, and fear of COVID-19

Dependent variable

Model 1 at wave 1

Model 1 at wave 3

Model 2 at wave 1

Model 2 at wave 3

RRR

95% CI

P-Value

RRR

95% CI

P-Value

RRR

95% CI

P-Value

RRR

95% CI

P-Value

Undecided on vaccination at wave 3

 Generalized trust

  Most people can be trusted

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Need to be very careful

1.29

(1.17–1.42)

< 0.001

1.48

(1.34–1.63)

< 0.001

1.28

(1.16–1.41)

< 0.001

1.45

(1.32–1.61)

< 0.001

  Don’t know

1.68

(1.36–2.08)

< 0.001

1.78

(1.44–2.20)

< 0.001

1.65

(1.34–2.04)

< 0.001

1.75

(1.42–2.16)

< 0.001

 Depression (PHQ-9)

  None (0–4)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (5–9)

1.19

(1.07–1.32)

< 0.001

1.15

(1.03–1.27)

0.010

1.19

(1.06–1.34)

0.003

1.10

(0.98–1.24)

0.113

  Moderate (10–14)

1.20

(1.02–1.39)

0.024

1.20

(1.03–1.40)

0.020

1.22

(1.01–1.47)

0.043

1.16

(0.96–1.40)

0.133

  Moderately severe (15–19)

1.30

(1.05–1.62)

0.018

1.48

(1.19–1.83)

< 0.001

1.38

(1.04–1.82)

0.025

1.46

(1.11–1.93)

0.007

  Severe (20–27)

1.46

(1.07–2.00)

0.017

1.69

(1.26–2.25)

< 0.001

1.63

(1.08–2.47)

0.020

1.60

(1.07–2.40)

0.022

 Generalized anxiety (GAD-7)

  Minimal (0–4)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (5–9)

1.13

(1.00–1.27)

0.045

1.18

(1.05–1.32)

0.005

1.00

(0.87–1.16)

0.965

1.08

(0.94–1.24)

0.291

  Moderate (10–14)

1.16

(0.97–1.39)

0.101

1.14

(0.94–1.37)

0.181

0.96

(0.75–1.21)

0.706

0.94

(0.74–1.20)

0.629

  Severe (15–21)

1.17

(0.90–1.51)

0.243

1.51

(1.20–1.91)

< 0.001

0.86

(0.60–1.23)

0.402

1.10

(0.77–1.55)

0.606

 Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S)

  No fear (7–15)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (16–20)

0.88

(0.79–0.98)

0.020

0.89

(0.79–1.00)

0.043

0.86

(0.77–0.96)

0.006

0.86

(0.76–0.96)

0.009

  Moderate (21–25)

0.96

(0.85–1.08)

0.482

0.96

(0.85–1.08)

0.466

0.90

(0.80–1.02)

0.094

0.88

(0.78–1.00)

0.046

  Severe (26–35)

0.81

(0.69–0.95)

0.008

0.81

(0.70–0.95)

0.007

0.74

(0.62–0.87)

< 0.001

0.70

(0.59–0.82)

< 0.001

Unwilling to vaccinate at wave 3

 Generalized trust

  Most people can be trusted

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Need to be very careful

1.58

((1.34–1.85)

< 0.001

1.58

(1.34–1.86)

< 0.001

1.59

(1.35–1.87)

< 0.001

1.63

(1.38–1.93)

< 0.001

  Don’t know

1.84

(1.33–2.54)

< 0.001

1.76

(1.28–2.43)

< 0.001

1.90

(1.37–2.63)

< 0.001

1.95

(1.41–2.70)

< 0.001

 Depression (PHQ-9)

  None (0–4)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (5–9)

1.26

(1.07–1.48)

0.005

1.09

(0.92–1.29)

0.307

1.30

(1.08–1.55)

0.005

1.14

(0.94–1.38)

0.191

  Moderate (10–14)

1.18

(0.93–1.50)

0.162

1.50

(1.20–1.88)

< 0.001

1.19

(0.89–1.59)

0.253

1.41

(1.06–1.88)

0.020

  Moderately severe (15–19)

1.61

(1.19–2.17)

0.002

1.83

(1.36–2.47)

< 0.001

1.48

(0.99–2.22)

0.055

1.44

(0.96–2.16)

0.074

  Severe (20–27)

1.84

(1.21–2.79)

0.004

1.97

(1.34–2.89)

< 0.001

1.53

(0.87–2.71)

0.140

1.29

(0.74–2.25)

0.376

 Generalized anxiety (GAD-7)

  Minimal (0–4)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (5–9)

1.08

(0.90–1.29)

0.433

1.15

(0.96–1.37)

0.132

1.03

(0.83–1.29)

0.765

1.18

(0.95–1.48)

0.141

  Moderate (10–14)

1.36

(1.05–1.76)

0.019

1.56

(1.21–2.02)

< 0.001

1.24

(0.88–1.75)

0.228

1.56

(1.10–2.21)

0.014

  Severe (15–21)

1.54

(1.09–2.17)

0.014

2.02

(1.48–2.75)

< 0.001

1.28

(0.78–2.10)

0.331

2.01

(1.24–3.25)

0.005

 Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S)

  No fear (7–15)

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

  Mild (16–20)

0.52

(0.44–0.61)

< 0.001

0.37

(0.31–0.44)

< 0.001

0.50

(0.42–0.59)

< 0.001

0.35

(0.29–0.42)

< 0.001

  Moderate (21–25)

0.52

(0.43–0.62)

< 0.001

0.38

(0.32–0.46)

< 0.001

0.47

(0.39–0.56)

< 0.001

0.33

(0.27–0.39)

< 0.001

  Severe (26–35)

0.50

(0.39–0.64)

< 0.001

0.32

(0.25–0.41)

< 0.001

0.41

(0.31–0.53)

< 0.001

0.22

(0.17–0.29)

< 0.001

  1. Boldface indicates statistical significance at the 5% level (both sides). Estimates are RRRs derived from multinomial logistic regression analyses. Model 1 adjusted for any one of generalized trust, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and FCV-19S, plus other explanatory variables (sex, age group, level of education, family members living together, employment, annual household income, bank and saving deposit amount, BMI, pre-existing conditions, and region of residence). Model 2 adjusted for all of generalized trust, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and FCV-19S together, plus other explanatory variables. For all analyses, willingness to be vaccinated at wave 3 was the outcome reference group. Generalized trust, PHQ-9, GAD-7, FCV-19S, age group, employment, annual household income, and bank and saving deposit amount in Model 1 and 2 at wave 1 and wave 3 were those at wave 1 and 3, respectively. Remaining explanatory variables were those at wave 1
  2. RRR Relative Risk Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, FCV-19S Fear of COVID-19 Scale
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BMC Public Health

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