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Table 3 Frequencies of Kessler-6 and SWEMWBS mental health categories

From: Working mothers during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study on mental health status and associations with the receipt of employment benefits

  

Kessler 6

SWEMWBS

  

No Mental Illness

MMI

SMI

  

High Mental Wellbeing

Average Mental Wellbeing

Low Mental Wellbeing

  

Characteristic

Total

n

%

n

%

n

%

Effect sizea

P-valueb

n

%

n

%

n

%

Effect sizea

P-valueb

Benefits Characteristics

                 

Employer provided benefits

                 

Yes

323

63

(19.5)

171

(52.9)

89

(27.6)

0.136

0.001

7

(2.2)

174

(53.9)

142

(44.0)

0.091

0.050

No

405

111

(27.4)

224

(55.3)

70

(17.3)

  

11

(2.7)

252

(62.2)

142

(35.1)

  

Number of Benefits Received

                 

None

323

63

(19.5)

171

(52.9)

89

(27.6)

0.119

0.009

7

(2.2)

174

(53.9)

142

(44.0)

0.087

0.196

One

61

11

(18.0)

36

(59.0)

14

(23.0)

  

0

(0.0)

35

(57.4)

26

(42.6)

  

Two

111

28

(25.2)

64

(57.7)

19

(17.1)

  

3

(2.7)

67

(60.4)

41

(36.9)

  

Three

118

38

(32.2)

58

(49.2)

22

(18.6)

  

3

(2.5)

77

(65.3)

38

(32.2)

  

Four or more

115

34

(29.6)

66

(57.4)

15

(13.0)

  

5

(4.3)

73

(63.5)

37

(32.2)

  

Receipt of Benefit Type

                 

Flexible hours/schedule to help with caregiving

                 

Yes

337

96

(28.5)

188

(55.8)

53

(15.7)

0.151

<0.001

10

(3.0)

212

(62.9)

114

(33.8)

 

0.038

No

391

78

(19.9)

207

(52.9)

106

(27.1)

  

8

(2.0)

214

(54.7)

169

(43.2)

  

Flexible work location

                 

Yes

272

77

(28.3)

147

(54.0)

48

(17.6)

0.098

0.030

9

(3.3)

166

(61.0)

97

(35.7)

0.064

0.229

No

456

97

(21.3)

248

(54.4)

111

(24.3)

  

9

(2.0)

260

(57.0)

187

(41.0)

  

Extra paid time off

                 

Yes

105

34

(32.4)

55

(52.4)

16

(15.2)

0.092

0.045

4

(3.8)

68

(64.8)

33

(31.4)

0.069

0.173

No

623

140

(22.5)

340

(54.6)

143

(23.0)

  

14

(2.2)

358

(57.5)

251

(40.3)

  

Mental health well-being programs

                 

Yes

165

47

(28.5)

96

(58.2)

22

(13.3)

0.115

0.008

4

(2.4)

110

(66.7)

51

(30.9)

0.091

0.049

No

593

127

(21.4)

299

(50.4)

137

(23.1)

  

14

(2.4)

316

(53.3)

233

(39.3)

  

Work hours

                 

Full-time

621

145

(23.3)

346

(55.7)

130

(20.9)

0.072

0.151

13

(2.1)

360

(58.0)

248

(39.9)

0.070

0.166

Part-time

107

29

(27.1)

49

(45.8)

29

(27.1)

  

5

(4.7)

66

(61.7)

36

(33.6)

  
  1. Kessler 6 cut points for MMI (Moderate Mental Illness), and SMI (Severe Mental Illness) were 5+ and 13+, respectively; higher scores indicate higher levels of psychological distress; SWEMWBS cut points for High and Low Mental Wellbeing were of 28–35 and 7–19, respectively; lower scores indicate higher levels of mental wellbeing
  2. a Effect size calculated using Cramer’s V
  3. b P-value based on Chi-squared tests; Statistically significant p-values bolded
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