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Table 3 Multivariable association between tobacco use with mass media exposure and community-level and state-level effects from random intercept logit models during IHDS round-I

From: Association of mass media exposure with combustible and smokeless tobacco use among Indian population: findings from a panel survey

 

IHDS round-I

Combustible tobacco(d)

Smokeless tobacco(e)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Fixed effect characteristics

 Household members watch TV

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

1.02 (0.91, 1.15)

 Household members listen to radio

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

0.99 (0.90, 1.10)

0.92 (0.83, 1.02)

 Household members read newspaper

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

1.02 (0.91, 1.15)

1.05 (0.93, 1.19)

 Age group of individual

  Children and youth

Ref.

Ref.

  Adults

2.51* (2.10, 3.00)

0.40* (0.32, 0.48)

  Elderly

2.24* (1.76, 2.85)

0.48* (0.37, 0.63)

 Gender of individual

  Male

Ref.

Ref.

  Female

0.059* (0.049, 0.070)

5.15* (4.25, 6.24)

 Percentage of individuals in community with no formal education

  0 to 25%

Ref.

Ref.

  25 to 50%

1.01 (0.83, 1.23)

1.16 (0.93, 1.45)

  50 to 75%

0.92 (0.75, 1.14)

1.32* (1.04, 1.67)

  75 to 100%

0.95 (0.72, 1.27)

0.82 (0.60, 1.12)

 Percentage of individuals in community from poorest/poor wealth quintile

  0 to 25%

Ref.

Ref.

  25 to 50%

0.90 (0.75, 1.08)

1.26* (1.03, 1.55)

  50 to 75%

0.99 (0.80, 1.23)

1.12 (0.88, 1.42)

  75 to 100%

0.91 (0.72, 1.15)

1.36* (1.05, 1.76)

 Percentage of individuals in community belonging to SC/ST caste

  0 to 25%

Ref.

Ref.

  25 to 50%

0.99 (0.78, 1.25)

0.91 (0.70, 1.17)

  50 to 75%

0.81 (0.63, 1.04)

1.16 (0.88, 1.53)

  75 to 100%

0.88 (0.68, 1.15)

1.17 (0.88, 1.57)

 Place of residence

  Rural

Ref.

Ref.

  Urban

0.89 (0.73, 1.07)

1.06 (0.85, 1.31)

 Country regions

  Central

Ref.

Ref.

  Northern

5.39* (1.92, 15.1)

0.11* (0.03, 0.39)

  Southern

1.47 (0.48, 4.49)

0.13* (0.03, 0.48)

  Western

0.27* (0.08, 0.92)

1.06 (0.25, 4.44)

  Eastern

0.79 (0.25, 2.47)

3.39 (0.86, 13.4)

  North-eastern

2.80 (0.47, 16.8)

1.94 (0.23, 16.7)

Random effect parameters

 Level 3: State

  Variance

0.634

0.925

  Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (in %)

12.20

15.59

 Level 2: Community

  Variance

1.276

1.717

  Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (in %)

36.74

44.54

 Likelihood ratio test

***

***

 No of states

21

21

 No of communities

2175

2175

 No of persons

16,661

16,661

  1. (a)OR Odds ratio, CI 95% Confidence Interval
  2. (b)Ref. represents the reference category
  3. (c)Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks where * indicates p-value< 0.05, *** indicates p-value< 0.0001
  4. (d)Combustible tobacco use categorized into – No, Yes
  5. (e)Smokeless tobacco use categorized into – No, Yes
  6. (f)The results are adjusted for level of education, working status, marital status, household wealth quintile, caste, religion of household head
  7. (g)Likelihood ratio test shows the significance of using a multilevel logistic model over a standard logistic model