Association of mass media exposure with combustible and smokeless tobacco use among Indian population: findings from a panel survey

Paul, Ronak; Rashmi, Rashmi; Srivastava, Shobhit

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12459-0

Table 2 Bivariate analysis showing the association of individual-level, community-level and relevant socioeconomic variables with combustible and smokeless tobacco use during IHDS round-I and round-II, respectively

From: Association of mass media exposure with combustible and smokeless tobacco use among Indian population: findings from a panel survey

Characteristics	IHDS round-I						IHDS round-II
	Combustible tobacco			Smokeless tobacco			Combustible tobacco			Smokeless tobacco
	Total	Yes	Chi² test p-value	Total	Yes	Chi² test p-value	Total	Yes	Chi² test p-value	Total	Yes	Chi² test p-value
	N	%	Chi² test p-value	N	%	Chi² test p-value	N	%	Chi² test p-value	N	%	Chi² test p-value
Household members watch TV
No	5538	61.1	0.765	5538	61.6	< 0.001	3447	53.6	0.298	3447	63.2	< 0.001
Yes	11,123	60.9	0.765	11,123	57.3	< 0.001	13,214	52.6	0.298	13,214	58.0	< 0.001
Household members listen to radio
No	8724	59.8	0.002	8724	57.2	< 0.001	11,910	52.6	0.463	11,910	58.4	0.003
Yes	7937	62.2	0.002	7937	60.5	< 0.001	4751	53.3	0.463	4751	60.9	0.003
Household members read newspaper
No	10,186	61.8	0.009	10,186	59.7	0.001	8620	53.2	0.256	8620	61.2	< 0.001
Yes	6475	59.7	0.009	6475	57.2	0.001	8041	52.4	0.256	8041	56.8	< 0.001
Age group of individual
Children and youth	1004	46.8	< 0.001	1004	73.1	< 0.001	90	31.1	< 0.001	90	83.3	< 0.001
Adults	14,527	62.2		14,527	57.5		13,952	53.0		13,952	59.0
Elderly	1130	58.0		1130	61.7		2619	52.4		2619	58.7
Gender of individual
Male	14,889	66.3	< 0.001	14,889	55.4	< 0.001	14,892	57.5	< 0.001	14,892	55.7	< 0.001
Female	1772	16.3	< 0.001	1772	87.1	< 0.001	1769	13.1	< 0.001	1769	87.9	< 0.001
Level of education of individual
No formal schooling	6984	60.4	< 0.001	6984	60.2	< 0.001	6881	53.0	< 0.001	6881	61.3	< 0.001
1–5 years of schooling	3581	63.3		3581	59.6		3738	55.8		3738	58.2
6–10 years of schooling	4935	61.7		4935	55.6		4810	52.4		4810	56.4
More than 10 years of schooling	1161	53.8		1161	60.5		1232	44.2		1232	60.4
Current working status of individual
Not working	6787	57.6	< 0.001	6787	61.3	< 0.001	2705	38.0	< 0.001	2705	66.1	< 0.001
Working	9874	63.3	< 0.001	9874	57.0	< 0.001	13,956	55.7	< 0.001	13,956	57.7	< 0.001
Current marital status of individual
Currently married	15,123	62.4	< 0.001	15,123	57.7	< 0.001	14,884	54.1	< 0.001	14,884	58.0	< 0.001
Currently not married	1538	47.1	< 0.001	1538	69.4	< 0.001	1777	42.4	< 0.001	1777	68.0	< 0.001
Wealth quintile of household
Poorest	4442	54.6	< 0.001	4442	71.3	< 0.001	4060	49.0	< 0.001	4060	73.0	< 0.001
Poor	3897	62.6		3897	62.3		4108	52.4		4108	63.6
Medium	3585	64.8		3585	53.1		3703	55.1		3703	54.7
Rich	2903	64.2		2903	50.1		2850	55.3		2850	48.6
Richest	1834	60.3		1834	45.5		1940	53.7		1940	44.2
Caste of household head
Other Backward Classes	6634	59.5	< 0.001	6634	62.1	< 0.001	6576	51.7	< 0.001	6576	62.6	< 0.001
Scheduled Castes	4066	65.2		4066	55.6		4111	57.8		4111	54.9
Scheduled Tribes	1944	50.1		1944	72.5		1974	43.3		1974	68.7
Others	4017	64.5		4017	49.6		4000	54.3		4000	52.8
Religion of household head
Hindu	13,945	60.4	< 0.001	13,945	59.3	< 0.001	14,100	52.4	< 0.001	14,100	60.3	< 0.001
Muslim	1740	69.5		1740	53.0		1754	60.8		1754	53.2
Others	976	53.7		976	61.1		807	43.5		807	50.4
Percentage of individuals in community with no formal education
0 to 25%	4076	62.2	0.036	4076	52.6	< 0.001	4220	53.1	0.030	4220	52.9	< 0.001
25 to 50%	5549	61.4		5549	60.5		5602	53.4		5602	60.1
50 to 75%	5224	59.4		5224	63.5		5160	51.3		5160	64.0
75 to 100%	1812	61.4		1812	53.4		1679	54.9		1679	56.1
Percentage of individuals in community from poorest/poor wealth quintile
0 to 25%	5205	67.4	< 0.001	5205	44.5	< 0.001	5476	57.5	< 0.001	5476	44.8	< 0.001
25 to 50%	2553	64.4		2553	51.9		2637	55.0		2637	55.6
50 to 75%	3195	57.5		3195	63.3		3237	51.5		3237	63.7
75 to 100%	5708	55.6		5708	72.2		5311	47.8		5311	72.7
Percentage of individuals in community belonging to SC/ST caste
0 to 25%	6835	62.6	< 0.001	6835	56.1	< 0.001	6837	53.7	< 0.001	6837	58.1	< 0.001
25 to 50%	4443	59.2		4443	61.1		4337	52.6		4337	61.8
50 to 75%	2663	62.7		2663	56.6		2860	54.8		2860	56.8
75 to 100%	2720	58.2		2720	63.7		2627	48.8		2627	59.6
Place of residence
Rural	13,223	61.5	0.003	13,223	59.2	0.012	12,904	53.8	< 0.001	12,904	59.9	< 0.001
Urban	3438	58.8	0.003	3438	56.9	0.012	3757	49.5	< 0.001	3757	56.4	< 0.001
Country regions
Central	4898	58.6	< 0.001	4898	71.7	< 0.001	4898	52.8	< 0.001	4898	72.4	< 0.001
Northern	3368	83.2		3368	24.1		3368	76.8		3368	29.3
Southern	2418	66.2		2418	38.3		2418	61.0		2418	41.1
Western	1931	35.7		1931	76.4		1931	28.3		1931	75.5
Eastern	3356	50.2		3356	75.3		3356	36.0		3356	74.5
North-eastern	690	73.9		690	78.0		690	58.0		690	52.3
Overall	16,661	61.0		16,661	58.7		16,661	52.8		16,661	59.1

^(a)Significance of the Chi-square (Chi²) test for association is shown using p-value

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