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Table 1 Cluster characteristics of refugee accommodation in Germany, 2018

From: Association between housing and health of refugees and asylum seekers in Germany: explorative cluster and mixed model analysis

Cluster*

 

1

2

3

4

n

574

360

411

190

Political dimension

Asylum status

Rejected

n (%)

18 (3.1)

44 (12.1)

1 (0.2)

10 (5.3)

Pending

n (%)

40 (7)

96 (26.7)

67 (16.3)

22 (11.6)

Recognized

n (%)

516 (89.9)

220 (61.1)

343 (83.5)

158 (83.2)

Free choice of residence

n (%)

3 (0.5)

42 (11.7)

409 (99.5)

3 (1.6)

Receiving housing allowances

n (%)

87 (15.2)

50 (13.9)

65 (15.8)

18 (9.5)

Paying rent

n (%)

82 (14.3)

67 (18.6)

149 (36.3)

15 (7.9)

Societal / environmental dimension

Area type

Residential area

n (%)

429 (74.7)

196 (54.4)

271 (65.9)

147 (77.4)

Mixed area

n (%)

141 (24.6)

97 (26.9)

138 (33.6)

39 (20.5)

Industrial area

n (%)

4 (0.7)

67 (18.6)

2 (0.5)

4 (2.1)

Security in the neighbourhood

Feeling not safe

n (%)

22 (3.8)

35 (9.7)

23 (5.6)

1 (0.5)

No contact to locals

n (%)

284 (49.5)

253 (70.3)

175 (42.6)

80 (42.1)

Accessibility of public transport

Bus

n (%)

562 (97.9)

337 (93.6)

391 (95.1)

156 (82.1)

Subway / tram (way)

n (%)

219 (38.2)

140 (38.9)

112 (27.3)

5 (2.6)

Train

n (%)

511 (89)

230 (63.9)

308 (74.9)

7 (3.7)

Leisure time activities

n (%)

166 (28.9)

75 (20.8)

159 (38.7)

34 (17.9)

Institutional dimension

Dwelling type

Temporary collective accommodation

n (%)

 

82 (22.8)

  

Permanent collective accommodation

n (%)

 

271 (75.3)

2 (0.5)

 

Multi-story buildings

n (%)

154 (26.8)

5 (1.4)

96 (23.4)

23 (12.1)

Apartment blocks

n (%)

317 (55.2)

2 (0.6)

227 (55.2)

102 (53.7)

Terraced houses / detached houses

n (%)

103 (17.9)

 

86 (20.9)

65 (34.2)

Number of residents per unit / household

Mean (SD)

3 (1.5)

5.1 (7.3)

3.2 (1.8)

3.2 (1.6)

Living space (in sqm)

Mean (SD)

77.6 (28.7)

35.4 (32.8)

81.7 (29)

80.9 (28.2)

Number of rooms

No separate rooms / units

n (%)

 

95 (26.4)

  

One separate room

n (%)

52 (9.1)

262 (72.8)

36 (8.8)

10 (5.3)

At least two separate rooms

n (%)

522 (90.9)

3 (0.8)

375 (91.2)

180 (94.7)

Furnishment

Self-equipped

n (%)

462 (80.5)

56 (15.6)

329 (80)

137 (72.1)

Furnished

n (%)

89 (15.5)

301 (83.6)

72 (17.5)

41 (21.6)

Not specified

n (%)

23 (4)

3 (0.8)

10 (2.4)

12 (6.3)

Inviting friends

n (%)

330 (57.5)

175 (48.6)

292 (71)

126 (66.3)

Time spent in boredom (hours per week)

Mean (SD)

0.8 (1.5)

1.3 (2.5)

0.6 (1.2)

0.9 (1.8)

Individual dimension

Satisfaction with living situation

Mean (SD)

8.3 (2.6)

5.4 (3.3)

8.6 (2.4)

8.3 (2.5)

Satisfaction with allocated place of residence

Unsatisfied

n (%)

79 (13.8)

69 (19.2)

 

26 (13.7)

Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied

n (%)

65 (11.3)

55 (15.3)

 

27 (14.2)

Satisfied

n (%)

427 (74.4)

194 (53.9)

2 (0.5)

134 (70.5)

Not applicable

n (%)

3 (0.5)

42 (11.7)

409 (99.5)

3 (1.6)

Satisfaction with size of the dwelling

Too small

n (%)

216 (37.6)

4 (1.1)

99 (24.1)

57 (30)

Suitable

n (%)

342 (59.6)

3 (0.8)

292 (71)

127 (66.8)

Too large

n (%)

16 (2.8)

 

18 (4.4)

6 (3.2)

Not applicable

n (%)

 

353 (98.1)

2 (0.5)

 

Sense of belonging

Mean (SD)

3.5 (1.2)

3.3 (1.2)

3.6 (1.2)

3.5 (1)

  1. Data based on the IAB-BAMF-SOEP study (Kühne et al., 2019). *Cluster numbering used for reference to the text and Table 2 and 3