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Table 1 General characteristics of the study population

From: Association between sedentary time and sleep quality based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among South Korean adults

Variables

Poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5)

 

Men

 

Women

 

TOTAL

Yes

No

P-value

TOTAL

Yes

No

P-value

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total (N=224,118)

100,454

100.0

35,784

35.6

64,670

64.4

 

123,664

100.0

58,271

47.1

65,393

52.9

 

Sedentary time (hours/day)

   

<.0001

      

<.0001

 ≤3.9

32,998

32.8

10,496

31.8

22,502

68.2

 

39,886

32.3

17,313

43.4

22,573

56.6

 

 4.0–5.9

23,450

23.3

8,194

34.9

15,256

65.1

 

29,745

24.1

13,794

46.4

15,951

53.6

 

 6.0–7.9

13,197

13.1

4,827

36.6

8,370

63.4

 

17,367

14.0

8,359

48.1

9,008

51.9

 

 ≥8.0

30,809

30.7

12,267

39.8

18,542

60.2

 

36,666

29.6

18,805

51.3

17,861

48.7

 

Age

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 19-29

11,181

11.1

3,358

30.0

7,823

70.0

 

12,034

9.7

4,538

37.7

7,496

62.3

 

 30-39

13,115

13.1

4,468

34.1

8,647

65.9

 

14,793

12.0

6,002

40.6

8,791

59.4

 

 40-49

17,015

16.9

5,813

34.2

11,202

65.8

<.001

19,349

15.6

7,441

38.5

11,908

61.5

<.001

 50-59

19,778

19.7

6,824

34.5

12,954

65.5

 

23,966

19.4

10,801

45.1

13,165

54.9

 

 60-69

19,030

18.9

6,841

35.9

12,189

64.1

 

22,757

18.4

11,487

50.5

11,270

49.5

 

 ≥70

20,335

20.2

8,480

41.7

11,855

58.3

 

30,765

24.9

18,002

58.5

12,763

41.5

 

Marital status

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Living with spouse

72,622

72.3

25,124

34.6

47,498

65.4

 

77,987

63.1

35,189

45.1

42,798

54.9

 

 Living without spouse

27,832

27.7

10,660

38.3

17,172

61.7

 

45,677

36.9

23,082

50.5

22,595

49.5

 

Occupational categoriesa

     

<.0001

      

<.0001

 White

22,346

22.2

7,196

32.2

15,150

67.8

 

20,802

16.8

7,776

37.4

13,026

62.6

 

 Pink

9,885

9.8

3,238

32.8

6,647

67.2

 

17,821

14.4

7,628

42.8

10,193

57.2

 

 Blue

42,023

41.8

14,687

34.9

27,336

65.1

 

25,394

20.5

12,097

47.6

13,297

52.4

 

 Inoccupation

26,200

26.1

10,663

40.7

15,537

59.3

 

59,647

48.2

30,770

51.6

28,877

48.4

 

Educational level

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Middle shool or lower

26,914

26.8

11,072

41.1

15,842

58.9

 

53,156

43.0

29,440

55.4

23,716

44.6

 

 High school

31,545

31.4

11,125

35.3

20,420

64.7

 

32,069

25.9

14,085

43.9

17,984

56.1

 

 College or higher

41,995

41.8

13,587

32.4

28,408

67.6

 

38,439

31.1

14,746

38.4

23,693

61.6

 

Household income

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Low

15,795

15.7

6,919

43.8

8,876

56.2

 

27,680

22.4

15,903

57.5

11,777

42.5

 

 Mid-low

30,637

30.5

11,529

37.6

19,108

62.4

 

36,380

29.4

17,961

49.4

18,419

50.6

 

 Mid-high

26,618

26.5

8,724

32.8

17,894

67.2

 

28,975

23.4

12,243

42.3

16,732

57.7

 

 High

27,404

27.3

8,612

31.4

18,792

68.6

 

30,629

24.8

12,164

39.7

18,465

60.3

 

Smoking status

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Current smokers

35,155

35.0

13,053

37.1

22,102

62.9

 

3,663

3.0

2,242

61.2

1,421

38.8

 

 Past smokers

37,909

37.7

14,146

37.3

23,763

62.7

 

2,846

2.3

1,654

58.1

1,192

41.9

 

 Nonsmoker

27,390

27.3

8,585

31.3

18,805

68.7

 

117,155

94.7

54,375

46.4

62,780

53.6

 

Drinking status

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Yes

67,608

67.3

23,653

35.0

43,955

65.0

 

46,317

37.5

20,494

44.2

25,823

55.8

 

 No

32,846

32.7

12,131

36.9

20,715

63.1

 

77,347

62.5

37,777

48.8

39,570

51.2

 

Walking frequentlyb

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Yes

45,799

45.6

15,599

34.1

30,200

65.9

 

53,681

43.4

24,092

44.9

29,589

55.1

 

 No

54,655

54.4

20,185

36.9

34,470

63.1

 

69,983

56.6

34,179

48.8

35,804

51.2

 

Obesity status (BMI)c

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Underweight & normal range

2,337

2.3

982

42.0

1,355

58.0

 

4,850

3.9

2,281

47.0

2,569

53.0

 

 Overweight

44,744

44.5

16,131

36.1

28,613

63.9

 

62,287

50.4

28,882

46.4

33,405

53.6

 

 Obese

53,373

53.1

18,671

35.0

34,702

65.0

 

56,527

45.7

27,108

48.0

29,419

52.0

 

The number of chronic diseasesd

    

<.0001

      

<.0001

 0

68,031

67.7

22,909

33.7

45,122

66.3

 

83,451

67.5

35,941

43.1

47,510

56.9

 

 1

25,143

25.0

9,812

39.0

15,331

61.0

 

31,566

25.5

17,249

54.6

14,317

45.4

 

 2

7,280

7.2

3,063

42.1

4,217

57.9

 

8,647

7.0

5,081

58.8

3,566

41.2

 

Perceived health statuse

    

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Yes

77,817

77.5

24,276

31.2

53,541

68.8

 

93,964

76.0

39,192

41.7

54,772

58.3

 

 No

22,637

22.5

11,508

50.8

11,129

49.2

 

29,700

24.0

19,079

64.2

10,621

35.8

 

Perceived stress

      

<.0001

      

<.0001

 Less

40,442

40.3

10,585

26.2

29,857

73.8

 

38,489

31.1

12,459

32.4

26,030

67.6

 

 More

60,012

59.7

25,199

42.0

34,813

58.0

 

85,175

68.9

45,812

53.8

39,363

46.2

 
  1. a Three groups (white, pink, blue) based on the International Standard Classification Occupations codes. Inoccupation group includes housewives
  2. b Walking frequency: Based on the recommended walking volume according to the physical activity guidelines in Korea
  3. c BMI Body mass index/obesity status defined by BMI based on the 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea
  4. d Chronic disease was defined as diagnosed diseases: hypertension, diabetes. The number of chronic diseases is the sum of the number of diagnosed above diseases the sum of the number of diagnosed above diseases
  5. e Perceived health status was classified the respondents of ‘very good’ and ‘good’ as ‘Yes’ and of ‘normal’, ‘bad’, and ‘very bad’ as ‘No’ group