Table 1 Comparison of characteristics between males and females at the study baseline and the time of transition from metabolically healthy to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese phenotype

Wrist circumference, cm

17.80 ± 0.77

15.89 ± 0.77

<0.001

18.17 ± 0.86

15.87 ± 1.02

<0.001

Age, years

36.42 ± 12.58

35.40 ± 10.98

0.208

43.50 ± 12.67

44.01 ± 11.20

0.572

Smokers, n (%)

73 (23.8)

22 (2.7)

<0.001

48 (17.8)

11 (1.7)

<0.001

Low physical activity, n (%)

210 (68.9)

518 (63.6)

0.098

156 (58.6)

469 (74.4)

<0.001

SBP, mmHg

112.69 ± 9.92

109.47 ± 11.38

<0.001

117.11 ± 13.20

112.54 ± 14.91

<0.001

DBP, mmHg

73.22 ± 7.15

73.21 ± 8.14

0.987

76.90 ± 8.98

75.33 ± 9.77

0.024

FPG, mg/dl

88.47 ± 8.18

86.45 ± 10.01

0.002

94.35 ± 13.90

91.63 ± 13.66

0.006

2-h PG, mg/dl

97.62 ± 31.64

101.43 ± 25.24

0.044

102.41 ± 39.56

110.16 ± 32.97

0.003

Triglycerides^a, mg/dl

108.00 (86.00-133.00)

96.00 (75.00-121.00)

<0.001

127.00 (91.00-167.00)

115.00 (85.00-160.00)

0.141

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

193.77 ± 36.63

195.77 ± 38.57

0.431

188.00 ± 33.36

195.90 ± 36.68

0.002

HDL, mg/dL

43.55 ± 8.24

49.84 ± 11.85

<0.001

41.16 ± 11.45

47.38 ± 11.90

<0.001

LDL, mg/dL

128.03 ± 32.87

126.21 ± 33.71

0.417

120.15 ± 29.51

122.17 ± 31.96

0.382

Anti-hypertension drug therapy, n (%)

1 (0.3)

7 (0.9)

0.334

7 (2.6)

27 (4.1)

0.334

Anti-diabetes drug therapy, n (%)

1 (0.3)

0 (0)

0.103

2 (0.7)

11 (1.7)

0.364

Anti-dyslipidemia drug therapy, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

N/A

7 (2.6)

44 (7.7)

0.011

BMI, kg/m²

27.14 ± 2.16

27.94 ± 2.59

<0.001

28.86 ± 2.72

30.56 ± 3.25

0.001

BMI 25-29.9 kg/m², n (%)

283 (91.6)

683 (83.2)

<0.001

203 (75.5)

330 (51.9)

<0.001

BMI ≥30 kg/m², n (%)

26 (8.4)

138 (16.8)

66 (24.5)

306 (48.1)

WC, cm

90.06 ± 7.58

84.36 ± 7.46

<0.001

99.19 ± 7.19

95.44 ± 7.82

<0.001

Hip circumference, cm

99.10 ± 4.83

105.20 ± 6.30

<0.001

102.79 ± 5.69

107.17 ± 7.21

<0.001

WHR

0.91 ± 0.06

0.80 ± 0.06

<0.001

0.96 ± 0.05

0.89 ± 0.07

<0.001

WHtR

0.53 ± 0.05

0.56 ± 0.05

<0.001

0.58 ± 0.04

0.61 ± 0.05

<0.001