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Table 2 Unadjusted Difference-in-Difference

From: “The Real Cost” Smokeless campaign: changes in beliefs about smokeless tobacco among rural boys, a longitudinal randomized controlled field trial

Belief

DID All Waves (n = 8950)

DID All Waves (Ages 11–13) (n = 4442)

DID All Waves (Ages 14–16) (n = 4437)

DID Baseline to Follow-up 2 (n = 5807)

If I use smokeless tobacco, I will

  Damage my body

3.5*

0.8

6.2**

4.8**

  Be controlled by SLT

4.2

0.7

7.9*

5.0*

  Develop cancer of the lip, mouth, tongue, or throat

1.2

0.4

2.0

2.6

  Be unable to stop when I want to

7.5**

4.0

10.9**

8.7***

  Lose my teeth

2.4

0.5

4.3

3.4

  Shorten my life

2.7

−0.3

5.6*

3.4

  Miss out on things I enjoy doing

2.5

0.9

4.3

3.4

  Develop gum disease

3.7*

0.3

7.1**

4.7*

  Develop red or white patches in the mouth

1.4

−2.2

5.1

2.5

  Consume harmful chemicals

1.5

0.7

2.3

2.5

  Cause immediate damage to my body

−3.2

−4.5

−1.9

−1.5

  1. aAll variables are coded: 1 = Strongly Agree/Agree; 0 = Neutral/Disagree/Strongly Disagree
  2. bCells present unadjusted percentage point changes (Δ Treatment – Δ Control)
  3. cBoldface indicates statistical significance (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001)