Table 2 Details of measures and smoking legislative context for included studies
Larger study | Author and year | Socioeconomic status measure | Social network measure | Network boundary | Smoking measure | Conducted before/after introduction of comprehensive smoking ban | Country and year of smoking ban |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Smoking Prevention Framework Analysis (ESFA) | Mercken et al. (2007) [25] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | Friends inside and/or outside school | Weekly smoking behavior | Before (−9 years) | Netherlands 2008 |
Mercken et al. (2009a) [26] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | Friends inside and/or outside school | Weekly smoking behavior | Before (−9 years) | Netherlands 2008 | |
Mercken et al. (2009b) [27] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | Friends inside and/or outside school | Weekly smoking behavior | Before (−8 years or more) | Denmark, no comprehensive ban, Finland 2006, Netherlands 2008, Portugal 2007, UK (England) 2007 | |
Mercken et al. (2010a) [28] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | Friends inside and/or outside school | Weekly smoking behavior | Before (−7 years) | Finland 2006 | |
Mercken et al. (2010b) [29] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | Friends inside and/or outside school | Weekly smoking behavior | Before (−7 years) | Finland 2006 | |
Teenage Health in Schools (THiS) study | Turner et al. (2006) [30] | N/A | Nominate up to six friends | Unclear, but analysis focuses on friends inside the school | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−5 years) | Scotland, UK 2006 |
Pearson et al. (2006) [31] | School level: Proportion of pupils in receipt of a clothing grant. | Nominate up to six friends | Unclear, but analysis focuses on friends inside the school | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−5 years) | Scotland, UK 2006 | |
ASSIST- A Stop Smoking In Schools STudy | Steglich et al. (2012) [32] | Individual level: Family Affluence Scale; School level: free school meal entitlement | Nominate up to six friends | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−5 to 6 years) | England and Wales, UK 2006–2007 |
Mercken et al. (2012) [33] | Individual level: Family Affluence Scale; School level: free school meal entitlement | Nominate up to six friends | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−5 to 6 years) | England and Wales, UK 2006–2007 | |
Promoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience (PROSPER) | Copeland et al. (2017) [34] | School level: free school meal entitlement | Nominate up to seven friends. Report how many close friends they have in other year groups and schools | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−6 years) | USA (Iowa) 2008 |
Ragan (2016) [35] | N/A | Nominate up to seven friends | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency and beliefs about smoking | Before (−6 years) | USA (Iowa) 2008 | |
McMillan et al. (2018) [36] | N/A | Nominate up to seven friends | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−6 years) | USA (Iowa) 2008 | |
Osgood et al. (2014) [37] | N/A | Nominate up to two best friends and five additional friends | School year group | Smoking frequency | Before (−6 years) | USA (Iowa) 2008 | |
Context of Adolescent Substance Abuse study | Ennet et al. (2008) [38] | Individual level: parental education | Nominate up to five friends | School year group | Smoking frequency | Before | USA (North Carolina), No comprehensive ban |
Ennet et al. (2006) [39] | N/A | Nominate up to five friends | School year group | Smoking frequency | Before | USA (North Carolina), No comprehensive ban | |
FINEdu (Finnish Educational Transitions) | DeLay et al. (2013) [40] | Individual level: parental education | Nominate up to three friends | School year group | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−2 years) | Finland 2006 |
Kiuru et al. (2010) [41] | N/A | Nominate up to three friends | School year group | Smoking frequency | Before (−1 years) | Finland 2006 | |
Unnamed study | Huisman & Bruggeman (2012) [42] | Individual level: parental education; School level: school type | Nominate up to 15 friends | School year group | Smoking frequency and quantity | Same year | The Netherlands 2008 |
Huisman (2014) [43] | N/A | Nominate up to 15 friends | School year group | Smoking frequency and quantity | Same year | The Netherlands 2008 | |
SILNE (Smoking Inequalities – Learning from Natural Experiments) | Lorant et al. (2017) [44] | Individual level: parental education, family affluence, subjective social status, parental working status and housing ownership | Nominate up to 5 friends | Two school year groups | Ever smoking, smoking frequency and nicotine dependence | After (+ 2 to + 8 years) | Europe (Belgium 2011, Finland 2008, Germany 2007, Italy 2005, Netherlands 2008, Portugal 2007) |
Robert et al. (2019) [45] | Individual level: parental education | Nominate up to 5 friends | Two school year groups | Smoking frequency | After (+ 2 to + 8 years) | Europe (Belgium 2011, Finland 2008, Germany 2007, Italy 2005, Netherlands 2008, Portugal 2007) | |
Mulassi et al. (2012) [46] (cross-sectional) | N/A | Nominate up to 10 friends | Whole school | Ever smoking and smoking frequency | Before (−3 years) | Argentina 2013 | |
Valente et al. (2013) [47] | Individual level: reduced or free lunch | Nominate up to 7 best friends | Completed 3 times, bounded by classroom, school year group and unbounded | Ever smoking, smoking frequency and intention | After (+ 12 years) | USA (LA) 1998 | |
Forster et al. (2015) [48] | Individual level: median household income | Nominate up to 5 best friends | Whole school | 5 items measuring lifetime smoking | After (+ 14 years) | USA (LA) 1998 | |
Hall & Valente (2007) [49] | Individual level: ethnicity and number of rooms in house | Nominate up to 5 friends | Classroom | Ever smoking and smoking intention | After (+ 3 years) | USA (LA) 1998 | |
Ramirez-Ortiz et al. (2012) [50] | N/A | Nominate up to 6 friends | Whole school | Ever smoking and current smoking | Before | Mexico (no comprehensive ban) | |
Lakon & Valente (2012) [51] | N/A | Nominate up to 5 best friends | Classroom | Past month smoking frequency | After (+ 6 years) | USA (LA) 1998 | |
Van Ryzin et al. (2016) [52] | N/A | Nominate unlimited friends who they would like to be in a group | School year group | Past month smoking frequency | Before (−5, −9 and no comprehensive ban) | USA (Pacific Northwest; Idaho no comprehensive ban, Oregon 2009, Washington 2005) | |
Valente et al. (2005) [18] | N/A | Nominate up to 5 closest friends | Classroom | Ever smoking and smoking susceptibility | After (+ 3 years) | USA (LA) 1998 | |
Kobus & Henry (2010) [53] | N/A | Nominate up to 6 friends | 3 school year groups | Smoking frequency | Before (−11 years) | USA (Illinois) 2008 |