From: The effects of smoking, regular drinking, and unhealthy weight on health care utilization in China
 | Pooled logistic | Random effects logistic | Fixed effects logistic |
---|---|---|---|
(i) | (ii) | (iii) | |
Odds Ratios (95% CI) | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | |
Smoking status | |||
 Current smoker | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.02 (0.91–1.13) | 1.42 (0.99–2.05) |
 Former smoker | 1.60 (1.43–1.79) | 1.78 (1.58–2.01) | 2.98 (2.05–4.35) |
 Never smoker (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Regular drinking | 0.79 (0.73–0.87) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 0.68 (0.59–0.77) |
BMI groups | |||
 Healthy weight (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Underweight | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.96 (0.82–1.14) |
 Overweight | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) |
 Obese | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) |
Age group | |||
 16–24 (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 25–64 | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 0.87 (0.65–1.18) |
  > =65 | 2.05 (1.65–2.54) | 2.17 (1.74–2.71) | 1.53 (1.10–2.12) |
Male | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | – |
Educational attainment | |||
 Illiteracy (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Elementary school | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) |
 Middle school | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 1.07 (0.78–1.46) |
 High school | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 1.31 (0.83–2.06) |
 Above high school | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) |
Married | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.97 (0.78–1.19) |
Urban residency | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 1.29 (1.07–1.54) |
Medical insurance coverage | 1.68 (1.50–1.88) | 1.70 (1.50–1.91) | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) |
Household income | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
Employed | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
Health status | |||
 Poor | 2.22 (2.05–2.40) | 2.38 (2.19–2.59) | 1.94 (1.75–2.14) |
 Fair (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Good | 0.70 (0.65–0.75) | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) |
 Chronic disease | 2.81 (2.65–2.99) | 2.99 (2.80–3.19) | 2.31 (2.14–2.50) |
 Constant | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | – |
 Observations | 63,260 | 63,260 | 22,650 |