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Table 2 Individual, community and regional level predictors of women’s awareness that malaria is covered by NHIS

From: Ghanaian women’s knowledge on whether malaria treatment is covered by the national health insurance: A multilevel regression analysis of national data

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

aOR [95% CrI]

aOR [95% CrI]

aOR [95% CrI]

aOR [95% CrI]

Fixed-effects

Individual level factors

Age (Years)

15-19

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

20-24

 

1.1**[1.1-1.9]

  

1.1**[1.1-1.2]

25-29

 

1.1*[1.10-1.8]

  

1.1[0.7-1.8]

30-34

 

1.3**[1.1-2.1]

  

1.3*[1.1-1.7]

35-39

 

1.4[0.9-2.3]

  

1.3**[1.1-2.3]

40-44

 

1.5[0.9-2.6]

  

1.4***[1.4-1.5]

45-49

 

1.5**[1.2-3.2]

  

1.5***[1.2-2.1]

Education

No education

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

Primary

 

1.1**[1.1-1.6]

  

1.1*[1.1-1.2]

Secondary

 

1.1*[1.0-1.5]

  

1.1[0.8-1.4]

Higher

 

1.6**[1.2-1.8]

  

1.6**[1.2-2.0]

Wealth quintile

Poorest

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

Poorer

 

1.2***[1.1-1.7]

  

1.3*[1.2-1.4]

Middle

 

1.3*[1.2-2.1]

  

1.5**[1.3-1.9]

Richer

 

1.1[0.7-1.7]

  

1.2*[1.1-1.9]

Richest

 

0.8*[0.6-0.9]

  

1.3**[1.2-1.7]

Parity

1

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

2

 

0.7*[0.5-0.9]

  

0.9[0.7-1.2]

3

 

1.1**[1.0-1.2]

  

1.11[0.7-1.8]

4

 

0.3**[0.1-0.4]

  

0.3[0.1-1.0]

Currently pregnant

No or unsure

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

Yes

 

0.9[0.7-1.4]

  

0.9[0.6-1.5]

NHIS subscription

No

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

Yes

 

1.5***[1.2-1.8]

  

1.5***[1.2-1.8]

Seen/heard malaria message via media

No

 

1[1,1]

  

1[1,1]

Yes

 

0.9[0.8-1.2]

  

0.9[0.7-1.3]

Community level

Ethnicity

Akan

  

1[1,1]

 

1[1,1]

Ga/dangme

  

1.1[0.6-2.0]

 

1.2[0.7-2.1]

Ewe

  

1.4[0.8-2.2]

 

1.4[0.9-2.2]

Guan

  

1.2[0.6-2.4]

 

1.2[0.5-2.5]

Mole-dagbani

  

0.8[0.6-1.30]

 

0.8[0.6-1.3]

Grusi

  

0.9[0.5-1.7]

 

0.9[0.5-1.7]

Gurma

  

0.8[0.5-1.4]

 

0.9[0.5-1.6]

Mande

  

0.85[0.5-2.2]

 

0.8[0.3-2.3]

Other

  

0.5*[0.3-0.8]

 

0.5**[0.3-0.8]

Sex of Family head

Male

  

1[1,1]

 

1[1,1]

Female

  

0.8[0.70-1.1]

 

0.9[0.7-1.2]

Residence

Urban

  

1[1,1]

 

1[1,1]

Rural

  

1.3[0.9-1.7]

 

1.3***[1.2-2.1]

Region level

Ecological zone

Coastal

   

1[1,1]

1[1,1]

Middle

   

2.0**[1.2-3.4]

1.8**[1.1-3.0]

Savanna

   

2.8***[1.6-4.9]

3.1***[1.7-5.8]

Random-effects

Region level

Variance [95% CrI]

0.3[0.1-0.5]

0.5[0.2-0.7]

0.3[0.1-0.6]

0.4[0.2-0.7]

0.7[0.3-0.9]

VPC % [95% Crl]

7.0[0.3-12.8]

8.3 [2.9-10.3]

7.5[0.3-13.6]

2.3[0.6-4.8]

2.0[0.9-4.2]

MOR [95% CrI]

1.6[1.10-2.0]

1.7[1.3-1.8]

1.7[1.1-2.0]

1.3[1.1-1.5]

1.3[1.2-1.5]

Explained variation (%)

1[1,1]

19.2[17.8-21.2]

32.3[16.9-41.2]

69.2[65.4-72.9]

73.1[69.2-78.7]

Community level

Variance [95% CrI]

0.2[0.1-0.3]

0.2[0.1-0.3]

0.1[0.1-0.3]

0.2[0.1-0.3]

0.19[0.1-0.3]

VPC % [95% Crl]

10.8[0.6-19.2]

12.3[3.5-17.3]

11.6[8.9-20.1]

7.1[1.5-13.0]

7.3[2.4-13.2]

MOR [95% CrI]

1.4[1.1-1.6]

1.4[1.1-1.7]

1.5[1.1-1.6]

1.5[1.18-1.7]

1.5[1.2-1.7]

Explained variation (%)

1[1,1]

7.1[3.5-9.2]

15.2[10.9-26.9]

21.4[19.2-26.4]

35.7[30.8-44.2]

Sample Size

Region level

10

10

10

10

10

Community level

200

200

200

200

200

Individual level

2,560

2,560

2,560

2,560

2,560

  1. Source: 2014 GDHS
  2. aOR=adjusted Odds Ratio; OR= Odds Ratio; CrI=Credible Interval; VPC= Variance Partition Coefficient; MOR=Median Odds Ratio; 1 = reference; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001