Table 2 Determinants of institutional delivery in Nepal (MICS 2019), N = 1936
Variables | Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p-value | Â | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Unadjusted OR | Â | Adjusted OR | Â |
Age of women (years) | ||||
  15-19 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  20-29 | 0.89 (0.60-1.33) | 0.578 | 1.58 (0.98-2.55) | 0.059 |
  30-39 | 0.71 (0.46-1.09) | 0.116 | 2.39 (1.29-4.42) | 0.006 |
  40-49 | 0.50 (0.25-1.01) | 0.054 | 2.66 (1.04-6.78) | 0.041 |
Parity | ||||
  One | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Two | 0.47 (0.35-0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.28-0.59) | < 0.001 |
  Three | 0.16 (0.11-0.22) | < 0.001 | 0.21 (0.14-0.32) | < 0.001 |
  Four or more | 0.14 (0.10-0.21) | < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.15-0.49) | < 0.001 |
ANC visit | ||||
  Less than four | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Four or more | 4.51 (3.39-6.01) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (1.84-3.50) | < 0.001 |
Education status of women | ||||
  No formal education | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Primary education (Grade 1-5) | 2.13 (1.54-2.95) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (0.68-1.77) | 0.698 |
  Secondary education Grade 6-10) | 3.61 (2.68-4.86) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (0.75-1.80) | 0.489 |
  HSS and above (Grade 11/12 or above) | 36.11 (20.01-65.18) | < 0.001 | 5.18 (2.39-11.23) | < 0.001 |
Exposure to mass media | ||||
  No exposure | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Limited exposure | 2.25 (1.52-3.34) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.74-1.90) | 0.471 |
  Exposure | 3.71 (2.86-4.82) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.71-1.45) | 0.944 |
Area of residence | ||||
  Rural | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Urban | 2.67 (1.99-3.58) | < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.29-2.52) | 0.001 |
Sex of the household head | ||||
  Female | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Male | 0.66 (0.49-0.88) | 0.005 | 0.68 (0.47-0.98) | 0.041 |
Ethnicity | ||||
  Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Janajati and Newar (Mountain, Hill and Terai) | 1.16 (0.84-1.60) | 0.370 | 1.14 (0.77-1.68) | 0.508 |
  Dalit (Mountain, Hill and Terai) and Muslim | 0.63 (0.46-0.86) | 0.004 | 1.25 (0.86-1.80) | 0.236 |
  Others (eg. Marwadi, Bangali) | 3.42 (1.13-10.37) | 0.030 | 2.32 (0.72-7.44) | 0.157 |
Religion | ||||
  non-Hindu | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Hindu | 1.57 (1.15-2.15) | 0.005 | 1.69 (1.16-2.46) | 0.006 |
Education status of household head | ||||
  No formal education | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Primary education (Gr. 1-5) | 1.23 (0.92-1.64) | 0.154 | 0.87 (0.59-1.28) | 0.481 |
  Secondary education Gr. 6-10) | 1.87 (1.42-2.46) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.71-1.35) | 0.891 |
  HSS and above (Gr. 11/12 and above) | 7.58 (4.11-13.96) | < 0.001 | 1.89 (0.93-3.82) | 0.076 |
Province | ||||
  Province 1 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Province 2 | 0.48 (0.29-0.79) | 0.004 | 0.42 (0.25-0.72) | 0.002 |
  Bagmati Province | 2.18 (1.22-3.92) | 0.009 | 1.29 (0.69-2.41) | 0.431 |
  Gandaki Province | 2.79 (1.43-5.44) | 0.003 | 1.35 (0.64-2.83) | 0.428 |
  Lumbini Province | 0.96 (0.57-1.59) | 0.861 | 0.80 (0.45-1.42) | 0.449 |
  Karnali Province | 0.45 (0.26-0.76) | 0.003 | 1.05 (0.53-2.06) | 0.894 |
  Sudurpaschim Province | 1.43 (0.78-2.60) | 0.244 | 2.13 (1.06-4.29) | 0.033 |
Wealth index quintile | ||||
  Poorest | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
  Second | 2.07 (1.52-2.83) | < 0.001 | 2.63 (1.68-4.12) | < 0.001 |
  Middle | 3.07 (2.09-4.50) | < 0.001 | 4.62 (2.73-7.82) | < 0.001 |
  Richer | 5.33 (3.49-8.13) | < 0.001 | 5.39 (2.99-9.69) | < 0.001 |
  Richest | 22.55 (10.45-48.64) | < 0.001 | 7.19 (2.80-18.46) | < 0.001 |