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Table 1 Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of women by place of delivery (N = 1936)

From: Predictors of wealth-related inequality in institutional delivery: a decomposition analysis using Nepal multiple Indicator cluster survey (MICS) 2019

Variables

Frequency (weighted) (%)

 

Home delivery (%)

(n = 422)

Institutional delivery (%)

(n = 1514)

p-value for Chi-square test

Age of women (years)

  15-19

200 (10.3)

 

9.1

10.7

0.097

  20-29

1307 (67.5)

 

64.7

68.3

 

  30-39

386 (19.9)

 

22.9

19.1

 

  40-49

43 (2.2)

 

3.3

1.9

 

Parity

  One

843 (43.5)

 

21.4

49.7

< 0.001

  Two

640 (33.0)

 

30.9

33.6

 

  Three

250 (12.9)

 

25.5

9.4

 

  Four or more

204 (10.5)

 

22.2

7.3

 

  ANC visit*

     

  Less than four

342 (18.5)

 

40.9

13.3

< 0.001

  Four or more

1507 (81.5)

 

59.1

86.7

 

Education status of women

  No formal education

404 (20.9)

 

43.7

14.5

< 0.001

  Primary education (Grade1-5)

260 (13.4)

 

17.4

12.3

 

  Secondary education (Grade 6-10)

813 (42.0)

 

36.4

43.6

 

  HSS and above (Grade 11/12 and above)

460 (23.7)

 

2.5

29.7

 

Exposure to mass media

  No exposure

550 (28.4)

 

49.8

22.4

< 0.001

  Limited exposure

186 (9.6)

 

9.5

9.7

 

  Exposure

1199 (61.9)

 

40.6

67.9

 

Area of residence

  Rural

667 (34.5)

 

52.6

29.4

< 0.001

  Urban

1269(65.5)

 

47.4

70.6

 

Sex of the household head

  Female

418 (21.6)

 

16.5

23.0

0.005

  Male

1518 (78.4)

 

83.5

77.0

 

Ethnicity

  Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi

822 (42.4)

 

41.0

42.9

< 0.001

  Janajati and Newar (Mountain, Hill and Terai)

674 (34.8)

 

29.9

36.2

 

  Dalit (Mountain, Hill and Terai) and Muslim

405 (20.9)

 

28.6

18.8

 

  Others (eg. Marwadi, Bangali)

35 (1.8)

 

0.6

2.1

 

Religion

  non-Hindu

309 (16.0)

 

21.1

14.6

0.005

  Hindu

1627 (84.0)

 

78.9

85.4

 

Education status of household head

  No formal education

769 (39.7)

 

51.6

36.4

< 0.001

  Primary education (Grade 1-5)

391 (20.2)

 

22.5

19.6

 

  Secondary education (Grade 6-10)

568 (29.3)

 

23.5

31.0

 

  HSS or above (Grade 11/12 and above)

208 (10.7)

 

2.4

13.0

 

Province

  Province 1

304 (15.7)

 

15.0

15.9

< 0.001

  Province 2

414 (21.4)

 

34.9

17.6

 

  Bagmati Province

382 (19.7)

 

9.7

22.5

 

  Gandaki Province

150 (7.8)

 

3.1

9.1

 

  Lumbini Province

369 (19.1)

 

18.9

19.1

 

  Karnali Province

131 (6.8)

 

11.5

5.4

 

  Sudurpaschim Province

186 (9.6)

 

6.8

10.4

 

Wealth index quintile

  Poorest

438 (22.6)

 

43.9

16.7

< 0.001

  Poor

408 (21.1)

 

25.2

19.9

 

  Middle

384 (19.8)

 

17.5

20.4

 

  Richer

383 (19.8)

 

11.0

22.2

 

  Richest

324 (16.7)

 

2.4

20.7

 

Total

1936

 

21.8

78.2

 
  1. Abbreviation: HSS = higher secondary education
  2. *doesnot sum to 1936 due to missing values