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Table 5 The number (%) of each media applied for COVID-19 news based on the demographic data of participants

From: Public sphere attitudes towards the rumor sources of the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from community perceptions in Iran

  

National Media

Foreign Media

Social Media

Web

No

Yes

P-value

No

Yes

P-value

No

Yes

P-value

No

Yes

P-value

Sex

M

550 (44.1)

696 (55.9)

0.377

1024 (82.8)

222 (17.8)

0.023

495 (39.7)

751 (60.3)

0.135

860 (69.0)

386 (31.0)

< 0.001*

F

553 (42.4)

751 (57.6)

1115 (85.5)

189 (14.5)

556 (42.6)

748 (57.4)

1027 (78.8)

277 (21.2)

Age

< 30

348 (48.9)

363 (51.1)

< 0.001*

618 (86.9)

93 (13.1)

< 0.001*

295 (41.5)

416 (58.8)

0.980

517 (72.7)

194 (27.3)

0.570

30-50

653 (42.6)

879 (57.4)

1301 (84.9)

231 (15.1)

629 (41.1)

903 (58.9)

1145 (74.7)

387 (25.3)

> 50

102 (33.2)

205 (66.8)

220 (71.7)

87 (28.3)

127 (41.4)

180 (58.6)

225 (73.3)

82 (26.7)

Education

Under diploma

43 (28.9)

106 (71.1)

< 0.001*

133 (89.3)

16 (10.7)

. < 0.001*

91 (61.1)

58 (38.9)

< 0.001*

122 (81.9)

27 (18.1)

0.003*

Diploma

121 (38.9)

190 (61.1)

278 (89.4)

33 (10.6)

165 (53.1)

146 (46.9)

236 (75.9)

75 (24.1)

Associate’s degree

72 (36.9)

123 (63.1)

160 (82.1)

35 (17.9)

88 (45.1)

107 (54.9)

157 (80.5)

38 (19.5)

Bachelor’s degree

342 (40.2)

508 (59.8)

732 (86.1)

118 (13.9)

351 (41.3)

499 (58.7)

635 (74.7)

215 (25.3)

High educated

523 (50.2)

519 (49.8)

834 (80.0)

208 (20.0)

356 (34.2)

686 (65.8)

735 (70.5)

307 (29.5)

Employment

Governmental employment

310 (40.8)

450 (59.2)

< 0.001*

651 (85.7)

109 (14.3)

< 0.001*

278 (36.6)

482 (63.4)

< 0.001*

571 (75.1)

189 (24.9)

0.007*

Non-governmental employment

165 (45.2)

200 (54.8)

291 (79.7)

74 (20.3)

142 (38.9)

223 (61.1)

253 (69.3)

112 (30.7)

Freelancer

164 (51.4)

155 (48.6)

247 (77.4)

72 (22.6)

131 (41.1)

188 (58.9)

231 (72.4)

88 (27.6)

Student

187 (49.0)

195 (51.0)

339 (88.7)

43 (11.3)

148 (38.7)

234 (61.3)

268 (70.2)

114 (29.8)

Housewive

104 (33.9)

203 (66.1)

275 (89.6)

32 (10.4)

161 (52.4)

146 (47.6)

252 (82.1)

55 (17.9)

Retired

33 (27.5)

87 (72.5)

93 (77.5)

27 (22.5)

60 (50)

60 (50)

92 (76.7)

28 (23.3)

Unemployed

90 (51.4)

85 (48.6)

143 (81.7)

32 (18.3)

69 (39.4)

106 (60.6)

132 (75.4)

43 (24.6)

Daily-paid

41 (39.8)

62 (60.2)

84 (81.6)

19 (18..4)

53 (51.5)

50 (48.5)

75 (72.8)

28 (27.2)

Socioeconomic status

High

270 (45.6)

322 (54.4)

0.134

492 (83.1)

100 (16.9)

0.512

246 (41.6)

346 (58.4)

.257

431 (72.8)

161 (27.2)

0.748

Middle

466 (41.1)

667 (58.9)

944 (83.3)

189 (16.7)

447 (39.5)

686 (60.5)

841 (74.2)

292 (25.8)

Low

364 (44.6)

452 (55.4)

694 (85.0)

122 (15.0)

352 (43.1)

464 (56.9)

608 (74.5)

208 (25.5)

  1. *Base on Bonferroni adjustment P-value less than 0.0125 was significant