The Gutenberg health study: a five-year prospective analysis of psychosocial working conditions using COPSOQ (Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire) and ERI (effort-reward imbalance)

Table 3 Distribution of COPSOQ Scales and Outcomes at baseline & follow up

	Baseline (t0)				5-year follow-up (t1)				Mean Difference
	N	Min/Max	Mean	SD	N	Min/Max	Mean	SD	Mean Difference
Quantitative Demands	4294	0/100	49.4	20.9	3080	0/100	48.2	20.9	−1.2
Emotional Demands	4254	0/100	45.6	22.3	3052	0/100	44.2	22.3	−1.4
Demands for hiding emotions	4267	0/100	35.6	24.7	3053	0/100	34.3	25.2	−1.3
Work-Privacy Conflict	4271	0/100	35.4	27.0	3069	0/100	33.1	26.5	−2.3
Influence at work	4267	0/100	53.5	26.5	3064	0/100	53.6	26.6	0.1
Degree of freedom at work	4277	0/100	67.6	25.2	3068	0/100	69.1	24.8	1.5
Possibilities for development	4274	0/100	71.6	20.0	3064	0/100	72.2	19.3	0.6
Meaning of work	4273	0/100	76.5	18.3	3064	0/100	76.6	18.3	0.1
Workplace commitment	4267	0/100	61.0	20.5	3060	0/100	59.8	20.3	−1.2
Predictability	4219	0/100	63.5	21.9	3030	0/100	63.8	21.6	0.3
Role clarity	4254	0/100	80.0	16.0	3043	0/100	80.0	16.1	0
Role conflicts	4245	0/100	38.6	20.0	3037	0/100	37.5	19.9	−1.1
Quality of leadership	3420	0/100	52.2	22.7	2459	0/100	51.7	23.0	−0.5
Social Support	3776	0/100	65.8	20.2	2727	0/100	66.4	19.6	0.6
Feedback	3788	0/100	45.3	22.5	2723	0/100	44.3	22.3	− 1.0
Social relations	3747	0/100	55.8	28.8	2721	0/100	56.8	28.7	1.0
Sense of community	3737	0/100	79.3	16.4	2715	0/100	79.1	16.2	−0.2
Mobbing (1-item)	3679	0/100	16.1	20.8	2663	0/100	15.2	20.6	−0.9
Job insecurity	3548	0/100	24.3	20.5	2538	0/100	21.4	20.1	−2.9
Outcomes (0–100)
Job satisfaction	4216	0/100	69.1	15.0	3029	0/100	70.0	15.0	0.9
General health (1 Item)	4217	0/100	72.8	16.6	3028	0/100	73.3	15.5	0.5
Copenhagen Burnout Inventory	4272	0/100	37.8	17.7	3067	0/100	35.5	18.2	−2.3
Satisfaction with Life Scale	4261	0/100	70.5	17.9	3064	0/100	72.1	17.2	1.6

ISSN: 1471-2458