Influence of contextual socioeconomic position on hypertension risk in low- and middle-income countries: disentangling context from composition

Abba, Mustapha S.; Nduka, Chidozie U.; Anjorin, Seun; Mohamed, Shukri F.; Agogo, Emmanuel; Uthman, Olalekan A.

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12238-x

Table 3 Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with hypertension identified by multivariable multi-level logistic regression models, Demographic and Health Surveys data, 2011–2018

From: Influence of contextual socioeconomic position on hypertension risk in low- and middle-income countries: disentangling context from composition

	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c		Model 4^d		Model 5^e
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CrI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Fixed-effect
Individual-level factors
Male (vs female)					0.95^***	[0.94,0.97]	0.95^***	[0.93,0.97]
Age per 10 years			1.74^***	[1.73,1.76]	1.88^***	[1.87,1.89]	1.90^***	[1.89,1.91]	1.74^***	[1.73,1.76]
Education attainment
No education
Primary			1.09^***	[1.06,1.11]					1.08^***	[1.05,1.10]
Secondary or higher			1.05^***	[1.03,1.07]					1.04^***	[1.02,1.06]
Wealth index
Poorer
Middle			1.10^***	[1.08,1.12]					1.08^***	[1.05,1.10]
Richer			1.11^***	[1.08,1.14]					1.08^***	[1.05,1.12]
Marital status
Never married
Currently married			1.35^***	[1.32,1.38]					1.35^***	[1.32,1.38]
Ever married			1.37^***	[1.32,1.42]					1.37^***	[1.32,1.42]
Body mass index
Underweight			0.79^***	[0.77,0.80]					0.79^***	[0.77,0.80]
Normal weight
Overweight			1.72^***	[1.69,1.75]					1.72^***	[1.69,1.75]
Obese			2.67^***	[2.60,2.74]					2.67^***	[2.60,2.74]
Media access			1.02^**	[1.00,1.03]					1.01^*	[1.00,1.02]
Indoor air pollution			0.99	[0.97,1.01]					0.99	[0.97,1.01]
Health insurance			1.00	[0.99,1.02]					1.00	[0.98,1.02]
Money problem			1.08^***	[1.06,1.10]					1.08^***	[1.06,1.09]
Cigarette smoker			1.14^**	[1.05,1.24]					1.13^**	[1.04,1.23]
Neighbourhood-level factors
Neighbourhood disadvantage
Least
Moderate					1.47^***	[1.44,1.51]			1.10^***	[1.06,1.14]
Higher					1.32^***	[1.30,1.36]			1.14^***	[1.10,1.17]
Country-level factors
Human development index
Low
Moderate							0.77	[0.44,1.34]	1.34	[0.63,2.85]
High							0.54	[0.24,1.21]	0.96	[0.37,2.51]
Random effects
Country-level
Variance (95 CrI)	1.65^*	[1.11,2.48]	1.20^*	[1.02,1.41]	1.16^*	[1.03,1.30]	1.13^*	[1.02,1.24]	1.19^*	[1.02,1.38]
VPC (%, 95 CrI)	26.3	[19.40,34.80]	18.8	[16.50,21.30]	19.3	[17.60,21.10]	17.5	[16.20,18.80]	18	[15.90,20.20]
MOR (95% CrI)	3.41	[2.73,4.49]	2.84	[2.62,3.10]	2.79	[2.63,2.97]	2.76	[2.62,2.89]	2.83	[2.62,3.07]
Explained variation (%)		[.,.]	27.3	[8.10,43.10]	29.7	[7.20,47.60]	31.5	[8.10,50.00]	27.9	[8.10,44.40]
Neighbourhood-level
Variance (95 CrI)	1.34^***	[1.33,1.35]	1.90^***	[1.87,1.93]	1.56^***	[1.54,1.57]	2.03^***	[2.00,2.06]	2.14^***	[2.10,2.17]
VPC (%, 95 CrI)	47.6	[42.60,53.80]	48.5	[46.70,50.40]	45.2	[43.80,46.60]	49	[47.80,50.10]	50.3	[48.70,51.90]
MOR (95% CrI)	3.02	[3.00,3.03]	3.72	[3.69,3.76]	3.29	[3.27,3.30]	3.89	[3.85,3.93]	4.04	[3.98,4.08]
Explained variation (%)		[.,.]	−41.8	[−40.60,-43.00]	−16.4	[−15.80,-16.30]	−51.5	[−50.40,-52.60]	−59.7	[−57.90,-60.70]

^aModel 1 – empty null model, baseline model without any explanatory variables (unconditional model)
^bModel 2 – adjusted for only individual-level factors
^cModel 3 – adjusted for only neighbourhood-level factors
^dModel 4 – adjusted for only country-level factors
^eModel 5 – adjusted for individual-, neighbourhood-, and country-level factors (full model)
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MOR median odds ratio, VPC variance partition coefficient
^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001

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