Table 1 Perceptions of workplace heat exposure: prevalence estimates (%) and 95% CIs by different subgroups
Independent variable | N | % | Concern for extreme heat | Concern for heat-related injury | Positive attitude for more training | Positive attitude for more regulation | Positive attitude for adjusting work habits | Degree of satisfaction on preventive measures | Positive attitude for work efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 318 | 100 | 33.3 (28.1–38.5) | 43.8 (38.3–49.3) | 89.4 (85.9–92.9) | 91.2 (88.1–94.3) | 81.6 (77.2–86.1) | 74.8 (70.0–79.6) | 63.5 (58.2–68.8) |
Gender | |||||||||
 Male | 239 | 75.2 | 35.1 (29–41.2) | 43.9 (37.5–50.2) | 90.3 (86.4–94.2) | 92.1 (88.6–95.5) | 82.8 (77.8–87.8) | 74.5 (68.9–80.0) | 68.2 (62.3–74.1) |
 Female | 79 | 24.8 | 27.8 (17.7–38) | 43.6 (32.3–54.8) | 86.7 (78.8–94.5) | 88.6 (81.4–95.8) | 78.1 (68.4–87.8) | 75.9 (66.3–85.6) | 49.4 (38.1–60.6) |
Age group (years) | |||||||||
  ≤ 24 | 87 | 27.4 | 43.7 (33–54.3) | 37.9 (27.5–48.3) | 88.7 (81.7–95.8) | 93.1 (87.7–98.5) | 80.0 (71.0–89.0) | 70.1 (60.3–79.9) | 54.0 (43.3–64.7) |
 25–34 | 153 | 48.1 | 28.8 (21.5–36) | 47.7 (39.6–55.7) | 89.8 (84.8–94.7) | 92.8 (88.7–96.9) | 82.6 (76.4–88.9) | 76.5 (69.7–83.3) | 67.3 (59.8–74.8) |
 35–54 | 70 | 22.0 | 34.3 (22.9–45.7) | 44.9 (32.9–57) | 88.2 (80.4–96.1) | 87.1 (79.1–95.2) | 81.0 (71–90.9) | 74.3 (63.8–84.8) | 67.1 (55.9–78.4) |
 ≧55 | 8 | 2.5 | 0.0 (00) | 25.0(−13.7–63.7) | 100 (100–100) | 75.0 (36.3–113.7) | 85.7 (50.8–120.7) | 100 (100–100) | 62.5 (19.2–105.8) |
Education level | |||||||||
 Primary and secondary schools | 20 | 6.3 | 40.0 (16.5–63.5) | 27.8 (4.9–50.7) | 90.0 (75.6–104.4) | 85.0 (67.9–102.1) | 76.5 (54.0–99.0) | 90.0 (75.6–104.4) | 65.0 (42.1–87.9) |
 High school/vocational high school | 26 | 8.2 | 34.6 (15–54.2) | 15.4 (0.5–30.2) | 91.3 (78.8–103.8) | 76.9 (59.6–94.3) | 70.8 (51.2–90.4) | 80.8 (64.5–97.0) | 46.2 (25.6–66.7) |
 Training school | 105 | 33.0 | 30.5 (21.5–39.4) | 45.2 (35.5–54.9) | 88.9 (82.6–95.2) | 92.4 (87.2–97.5) | 81.6 (73.8–89.4) | 73.3 (64.7–81.9) | 69.5 (60.6–78.5) |
 Undergraduate college | 162 | 50.9 | 34.0 (26.6–41.3) | 49.4 (41.6–57.2) | 89.0 (84.1–94) | 93.2 (89.3–97.1) | 83.4 (77.4–89.4) | 72.8 (65.9–79.8) | 63.0 (55.4–70.5) |
 Postgraduate | 5 | 1.6 | 40.0(−28–108) | 40.0(−28–108) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 80.0 (24.5–135.5) | 40.0(− 28.0–108.0) |
Workplace environment | |||||||||
 Completely indoors | 43 | 13.5 | 25.6 (12–39.2) | 39.5 (24.3–54.8) | 87.2 (76.2–98.2) | 83.7 (72.2–95.2) | 76.9 (63.1–90.8) | 72.1 (58.1–86.1) | 58.1 (42.8–73.5) |
 Mainly indoors | 119 | 37.4 | 32.8 (24.2–41.3) | 42.4 (33.3–51.4) | 87.8 (81.8–93.9) | 92.4 (87.6–97.3) | 78.8 (71.1–86.4) | 83.2 (76.4–90.0) | 58.8 (49.9–67.8) |
 Completely outdoors | 14 | 4.4 | 35.7 (7.0–64.4) | 53.8 (22.5–85.2) | 92.9 (77.4–108.3) | 85.7 (64.7–106.7) | 100 (100–100) | 42.9 (13.2–72.5) | 78.6 (54.0–103.2) |
 Mainly outdoors | 131 | 41.2 | 36.6 (28.3–45) | 46.9 (38.2–55.6) | 91.1 (85.9–96.2) | 93.1 (88.7–97.5) | 83.8 (77.0–90.5) | 71.0 (63.1–78.9) | 67.9 (59.8–76.0) |
 Other | 11 | 3.5 | 27.3(−4.1–58.7) | 27.3(−4.1–58.7) | 90.0 (67.4–112.6) | 90.9 (70.7–111.2) | 81.8 (54.6–109.0) | 81.8 (54.6–109) | 63.6 (29.7–97.5) |
Physically demanding | |||||||||
 Not at all | 41 | 12.9 | 24.4 (10.7–38.1) | 53.7 (37.7–69.6) | 86.5 (74.9–98) | 95.1 (88.2–102) | 82.5 (70.2–94.8) | 92.7 (84.4–101) | 41.5 (25.7–57.2) |
 A little | 109 | 34.3 | 24.8 (16.5–33) | 42.2 (32.8–51.6) | 89.7 (83.9–95.6) | 94.5 (90.1–98.8) | 86.5 (79.9–93.2) | 73.4 (65.0–81.8) | 70.6 (62.0–79.3) |
 Moderately | 151 | 47.5 | 39.7 (31.8–47.6) | 40.9 (33–48.9) | 89.3 (84.1–94.5) | 86.8 (81.3–92.2) | 77.0 (69.9–84.2) | 73.5 (66.4–80.6) | 62.3 (54.4–70.1) |
 Very much | 17 | 5.3 | 52.9 (26.5–79.4) | 56.3 (28.9–83.6) | 94.1 (81.6–106.6) | 100 (100–100) | 86.7 (67.2–106.2) | 52.9 (26.5–79.4) | 82.4 (62.1–102.6) |
Work close to heat sources | |||||||||
 No | 304 | 95.6 | 33.2 (27.9–38.5) | 44.5 (38.9–50.2) | 89.2 (85.6–92.8) | 91.8 (88.7–94.9) | 81.2 (76.6–85.8) | 75.3 (70.5–80.2) | 63.2 (57.7–68.6) |
 Yes | 14 | 4.4 | 35.7 (7–64.4) | 28.6 (1.5–55.6) | 92.3 (75.5–109.1) | 78.6 (54–103.2) | 91.7 (73.3–110.0) | 64.3 (35.6–93.0) | 71.4 (44.4–98.5) |
Use of personal protective equipment | |||||||||
 No | 205 | 64.5 | 28.3 (22.1–34.5) | 42.9 (36–49.7) | 92.3 (88.6–96.1) | 92.7 (89.1–96.3) | 81.3 (75.7–86.8) | 74.6 (68.6–80.6) | 59.5 (52.7–66.3) |
 Yes | 113 | 35.5 | 42.5 (33.2–51.7) | 45.5 (36.2–54.9) | 83.8 (76.6–91) | 88.5 (82.5–94.5) | 82.4 (74.8–89.9) | 75.2 (67.1–83.3) | 70.8 (62.3–79.3) |
Heat illness experience | |||||||||
 No | 256 | 80.5 | 30.1 (24.4–35.7) | 41.1 (35–47.2) | 88.1 (84–92.2) | 93.0 (89.8–96.1) | 79.8 (74.8–84.9) | 79.7 (74.7–84.6) | 61.7 (55.7–67.7) |
 Yes | 37 | 11.6 | 45.9 (29.1–62.8) | 64.9 (48.7–81) | 94.1 (85.8–102.5) | 86.5 (74.9–98.0) | 90.9 (80.6–101.3) | 51.4 (34.5–68.2) | 78.4 (64.5–92.3) |
Heat-related injury experience | |||||||||
 No | 271 | 85.2 | 28.8 (23.4–34.2) | 38.8 (32.9–44.7) | 89.1 (85.3–92.9) | 93.0 (89.9–96.0) | 80.9 (76.1–85.8) | 80.1 (75.3–84.9) | 62.0 (56.2–67.8) |
 Yes | 35 | 11.0 | 60.0 (42.9–77.1) | 77.1 (62.5–91.8) | 90.9 (80.6–101.3) | 80.0 (66.1–93.9) | 89.3 (77.1–101.5) | 42.9 (25.6–60.1) | 74.3 (59.1–89.5) |
Heat-related injury witnessed | |||||||||
 No | 218 | 68.6 | 26.6 (20.7–32.5) | 36.7 (30.2–43.2) | 87.3 (82.7–91.9) | 90.8 (87–94.7) | 79.1 (73.4–84.8) | 79.8 (74.4–85.2) | 55.5 (48.9–62.2) |
 Yes | 100 | 31.4 | 48.0 (38–58) | 59.0 (49.2–68.8) | 93.8 (88.8–98.7) | 92.0 (86.6–97.4) | 87.1 (80.2–94.0) | 64.0 (54.4–73.6) | 81.0 (73.2–88.8) |
Attending heat training | |||||||||
 No | 148 | 46.5 | 34.5 (26.7–42.2) | 43.5 (35.4–51.6) | 81.2 (74.5–87.9) | 86.5 (80.9–92.1) | 81.7 (75.0–88.4) | 67.6 (59.9–75.2) | 62.8 (55–70.7) |
 Yes | 170 | 53.5 | 32.4 (25.2–39.5) | 44 (36.5–51.6) | 95.8 (92.8–98.9) | 95.3 (92.1–98.5) | 81.6 (75.6–87.6) | 81.2 (75.2–87.1) | 64.1 (56.8–71.4) |
Knowing ihgh temperature regulations | |||||||||
 No | 100 | 31.4 | 40.0 (30.2–49.8) | 45.5 (35.5–55.4) | 81.8 (73.6–90.0) | 82.0 (74.3–89.7) | 77.9 (69.0–86.9) | 65.0 (55.5–74.5) | 62.0 (52.3–71.7) |
 Yes | 218 | 68.6 | 30.3 (24.1–36.4) | 43.1 (36.4–49.7) | 92.5 (88.9–96.1) | 95.4 (92.6–98.2) | 83.2 (78.0–88.3) | 79.4 (73.9–84.8) | 64.2 (57.8–70.6) |
Adjusting work habits | |||||||||
 No | 69 | 21.7 | 36.2 (24.6–47.9) | 49.3 (37.2–61.4) | 90.6 (83.3–98.0) | 89.9 (82.5–97.2) | 71.9 (59.9–84.0) | 63.8 (52.1–75.4) | 66.7 (55.3–78.1) |
 Yes | 249 | 78.3 | 32.5 (26.7–38.4) | 42.3 (36.1–48.5) | 89.0 (85.0–93.0) | 91.6 (88.1–95.0) | 84.0 (79.3–88.7) | 77.9 (72.7–83.1) | 62.7 (56.6–68.7) |
Knowing high temperature subsidies policies | |||||||||
 No | 96 | 30.2 | 35.4 (25.7–45.2) | 44.7 (34.4–54.9) | 86.4 (79.1–93.7) | 86.5 (79.5–93.4) | 72.3 (62.5–82.1) | 63.5 (53.7–73.3) | 65.6 (56.0–75.3) |
 Yes | 222 | 69.8 | 32.4 (26.2–38.6) | 43.4 (36.9–50) | 90.6 (86.7–94.6) | 93.2 (89.9–96.6) | 85.3 (80.5–90.1) | 79.7 (74.4–85.1) | 62.6 (56.2–69) |
High-temperature subsidies received | |||||||||
 No | 83 | 26.1 | 39.8 (29–50.5) | 43.8 (32.6–54.9) | 84.6 (76.4–92.8) | 85.5 (77.8–93.3) | 74.3 (64.1–84.5) | 68.7 (58.5–78.9) | 61.4 (50.8–72.1) |
 Yes | 235 | 73.9 | 31.1 (25.1–37) | 43.8 (37.4–50.2) | 91.0 (87.3–94.8) | 93.2 (89.9–96.4) | 84.1 (79.2–89.0) | 77.0 (71.6–82.4) | 64.3 (58.1–70.4) |