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Table 1 Participant Characteristics in Pain Outcomes (Intensity and Interference), Racial Discrimination (RD), and Weight Discrimination (WD)

From: Racial and weight discrimination associations with pain intensity and pain interference in an ethnically diverse sample of adults with obesity: a baseline analysis of the clustered randomized-controlled clinical trial the goals for eating and moving (GEM) study

 

Total (n = 483)

Pain Intensity

Pain Interference

RD

No WD

WD

Enrollment Site

 MMG

241 (49.9%)

4.00 (3.30)1

50.98 (9.84)1*

4.91 (6.53)1*

205 (85.1%)4

36 (14.9%)4

 VA

242 (50.1%)

4.48 (2.97)1

54.35 (10.46)1*

9.32 (9.93)1*

194 (80.1%)4

48 (19.9%)4

Gender

 Women

273 (56.4%)

4.21 (3.22)1

52.11 (10.26)1

5.79 (7.54)1*

224 (82.3%)4

48 (17.7%)4

 Men

211 (43.6%)

4.28 (3.05)1

53.40 (10.29)1

8.81 (9.71)1*

175 (82.9%)4

36 (17.1%)4

Race/Ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic Black

211 (43.6%)

4.17 (3.17)2

53.03 (10.44)2

10.26 (10.07)2,a,b

169 (80.5%)4

41 (19.5%)4

 Non-Hispanic White

48 (9.9%)

4.08 (2.77)2

53.10 (10.83)2

3.83 (5.66)2,a

39 (81.2%)4

9 (18.8%)4

 Non-Hispanic Other

26 (5.4%)

3.56 (3.03)2

51.27 (12.63)2

6.76 (8.29)2

22 (84.0%)4

4 (16.0%)4

 Hispanic/Latino/a/x

197 (40.7%)

4.45 (3.21)2

52.39 (9.71)2

4.66 (6.44)2,b

167 (84.8%)4

30 (15.2%)4

Employment Status

 Working full-time

247 (51.0%)

3.92 (3.13)2

51.05 (9.55)2,a,b

6.62 (7.95)2

206 (83.7%)4

40 (16.3%)4

 Working part-time

56 (11.6%)

3.95 (3.30)2

50.19 (9.42)2,c

4.49 (6.02)2

51 (91.1%)4

5 (8.9%)4

 Unemployed or laid off/Looking for work

62 (12.7%)

4.92 (2.93)2

55.41 (10.30)2,b

8.83 (10.14)2

46 (74.8%)4

16 (25.2%)4

 Student

15 (3.1%)

3.37 (2.91)2

53.59 (10.74)2

5.23 (6.96)2

12 (80.0%)4

3 (20.0%)4

 Keeping house or raising children full time

13 (2.7%)

4.23 (4.02)2

51.60 (10.85)2

6.54 (9.66)2

10 (76.9%)4

3 (23.1%)4

 Retired

91 (18.8%)

4.91 (3.02)2

56.77 (11.20)2,a,c

9.35 (10.42)2

74 (81.3%)4

17 (18.7%)4

Education

 Grades 5 through 11

20 (4.0%)

4.70 (3.67)2

51.48 (9.96)2

3.15 (5.72)2

16 (80.0%)4

4 (20.0%)4

 Grade 12 or GED

112 (22.9%)

4.57 (3.38)2

52.93 (10.38)2

6.26 (9.35)2

89 (80.2%)4

22 (19.8%)4

 Associates degree

58 (11.9%)

3.07 (2.99)2,a

51.14 (10.76)2

6.81 (6.86)2

52 (89.7%)4

6 (10.3%)4

 Some college

133 (27.2%)

4.69 (3.12)2,a

53.39 (10.42)2

7.20 (8.03)2

109 (83.7%)4

21 (16.3%)4

 College 4 years

102 (20.9%)

3.89 (2.85)2

52.72 (9.77)2

7.65 (9.29)2

83 (83.0%)4

17 (17.0%)4

 Some graduate or professional training

12 (2.5%)

4.25 (3.08)2

53.51 (11.79)2

10.88 (9.89)2

7 (58.3%)4

5 (41.7%)4

 Graduate or Professional degree

50 (10.2%)

4.28 (2.91)2

52.25 (10.31)2

8.63 (9.74)2

41 (82.0%)4

9 (18.0%)4

Marital Status

 Single/Never Married

190 (39.3%)

3.87 (3.23)2

52.18 (10.70)2

7.11 (7.83)2

153 (80.5%)4

37 (19.5%)4

 Married or marriage-like relationship

175 (36.2%)

4.51 (3.09)2

53.01 (9.85)2

6.81 (9.38)2

152 (86.9%)4

23 (13.1%)4

 Separated

23 (4.6%)

4.14 (3.09)2

51.45 (10.10)2

5.93 (8.29)2

18 (77.3%)4

5 (22.7%)4

 Divorced

82 (17.0%)

4.23 (3.08)2

52.38 (10.02)2

7.42 (8.74)2

66 (81.5%)4

15 (18.5%)4

 Widowed

13 (2.7%)

6.00 (2.65)2

58.57 (11.32)2

10.62 (11.21)2

9 (69.2%)4

4 (30.8%)4

  1. RD Racial discrimination, WD Weight discrimination
  2. Hispanic/Latino/a/x of any race including Black (n = 25), White/Caucasian (n = 26), None (n = 137); Multiple (n = 8), and Tainos Indian (n = 1). All other race categories are assumed to be non-Hispanic; Other include Asian (n = 5); American Indian/Alaskan Native (n = 1), Native-Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (n = 2), Multiple (n = 9), None (n = 6), West Indian (n = 2), and Middle Eastern (n = 1)
  3. 1Mann–Whitney U tests, 2Kruskal-Wallis tests, 4Chi-Square test
  4. *p < .05 (two-tailed). Pairwise comparisons used Bonferroni correction. Means sharing a common subscript (a, a, a) are statistically different at p > .05
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