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Table 6 Togo: summary statistics of study variables, sociodemographic variables regressed on vision difficulty, stratified by gender

From: Prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with vision difficulties in Ghana, Gambia, and Togo: a multi-country analysis of recent multiple Indicator cluster surveys

Variables (TOGO)

Males

Females

Males

Females

 

n = 1955

n = e6409

n = 1955

n = 6409

Prevalence

14.86 [95% CI: 12.95, 17.00]

23.61 [95% CI: 22.34, 24.94]

Crude odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

Crude odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

Age

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

  < 20

12.86

18.98

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 20–29

10.01

16.09

0.753 [0.429,1.322]

0.737 [0.384,1.417]

0.818 [0.593,1.129]

1.003 [0.722,1.392]

 30–39

11.66

22.23

0.894 [0.495,1.618]

0.787 [0.376,1.647]

1.220 [0.850,1.750]

1.677** [1.172,2.400]

 40+

27.41

39.73

2.558** [1.350,4.846]

2.325 [0.962,5.620]

2.814*** [2.001,3.957]

4.029*** [2.840,5.715]

Education level

P < 0.05

P < 0.001

 

 Pre-primary or none

12.75

21.36

0.883 [0.476,1.638]

0.767 [0.402,1.464]

0.895 [0.724,1.108]

0.756* [0.591,0.967]

 Primary

17.49

26.08

1.280 [0.907,1.808]

1.001 [0.646,1.550]

1.163 [0.991,1.366]

0.994 [0.827,1.194]

 JSS/JHS/Middle

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

 SSS/SHS/ Secondary

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

 Secondary and Higher

14.21

23.27

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Marital status

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

 Currently married/in union

16.66

22.33

1.675* [1.124,2.496]

1.195 [0.695,2.053]

0.950 [0.762,1.184]

0.683*** [0.546,0.853]

 Formerly married/in union

27.86

36.22

3.237*** [1.648,6.357]

2.463* [1.111,5.462]

1.876*** [1.335,2.637]

1.055 [0.740,1.505]

 Never married/in union

10.66

23.24

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Health insurance

P = 0.421

P = 0.088

 

 With insurance

12.3

28.58

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Without insurance

15.01

23.38

1.259 [0.634,2.500]

1.642 [0.829,3.251]

0.763 [0.562,1.036]

1.015 [0.730,1.412]

Wealth index

p = 0.141

P < 0.001

 

 Poorest

11.02

18.13

0.719 [0.414,1.250]

0.605 [0.278,1.317]

0.618*** [0.468,0.818]

0.941 [0.636,1.390]

 Poorer

19.65

20.48

1.421 [0.902,2.237]

1.307 [0.652,2.620]

0.719* [0.552,0.937]

0.969 [0.677,1.387]

 Middle

17.69

24.49

1.249 [0.802,1.944]

1.131 [0.647,1.978]

0.906 [0.732,1.120]

1.030 [0.794,1.337]

 Richer

12.2

26.34

0.807 [0.512,1.273]

0.833 [0.516,1.346]

0.999 [0.801,1.246]

1.111 [0.883,1.397]

 Richest

14.69

26.37

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Place of residence

p = 0.670

P < 0.001

 

 Urban

13.05

26.67

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

16.5

20.86

1.316 [0.950,1.824]

1.258 [0.707,2.239]

0.725** [0.594,0.884]

0.914 [0.605,1.381]

Region of residence

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

 Maritime

24.88

27.59

5.961*** [2.827,12.57]

5.634*** [2.663,11.92]

1.569** [1.165,2.113]

1.448* [1.055,1.987]

 Plateaux

19.13

21.34

4.259*** [2.058,8.816]

4.481*** [2.153,9.322]

1.117 [0.762,1.637]

1.023 [0.693,1.510]

 Centrale

5.26

19.54

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Kara

13.78

23.95

2.812** [1.391,5.683]

3.178** [1.558,6.482]

1.297 [0.968,1.737]

1.323 [0.998,1.755]

 Savanes

5.78

13.72

1.104 [0.488,2.500]

1.238 [0.539,2.843]

0.655* [0.444,0.966]

0.761 [0.509,1.138]

 Lome Commune

12.91

27.78

2.667* [1.219,5.838]

3.336** [1.361,8.181]

1.584*** [1.238,2.028]

1.269 [0.885,1.822]

 Golfe Urbain

14.12

28.67

2.959** [1.420,6.167]

3.520** [1.522,8.143]

1.655*** [1.292,2.121]

1.438* [1.021,2.026]

  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets; significant adjusted values are boldened; JHS Junior High School, JSS Junior Secondary School, SHS Senior High School, SSS Senior Secondary School,
  2. na Not applicable
  3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001