Table 4 Independent predictors of childhood stunting: adjusted estimates at national level and by urban-rural residence
| Stunting OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (unweighted) | National (N=30463) | Urban Residence(N=9425) | Rural Residence (N=21038) |
| Predictors | |||
| Child’s Background | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.92 (0.88,0.97)** | 0.89 (0.81,0.98)** | 0.94 (0.89,1.00)^ |
| Age (months) | |||
| 0-11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12-23 | 3.26 (3.00,3.55)*** | 3.12 (2.65,3.67)*** | 3.34 (3.02,3.68)*** |
| 24-59 | 3.76 (3.48,4.07)*** | 3.17 (2.74,3.67)*** | 4.07 (3.71,4.47)*** |
| Birth Order | |||
| 1 to 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3 or higher | 0.89 (0.77,1.02)^ | 0.97 (0.74,1.28) | 0.88 (0.75,1.03)^ |
| Place of birth | |||
| Health facility | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Home | 1.28 (1.19,1.38)*** | 1.38 (1.22,1.56)*** | 1.18 (1.07,1.29)*** |
| Vaccinated (measles) | |||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.22 (1.13,1.32)*** | 1.34 (1.16,1.54)*** | 1.17 (1.07,1.29)*** |
| Mother’s Background | |||
| Age at first marriage | |||
| 18 years or older | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 17 years or younger | 1.04 (0.97,1.13) | 1.25 (1.08,1.44)** | 0.94 (0.86,1.03) |
| Age at first child’s birth | |||
| 18 years or older | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 17 years or younger | 1.04 (0.98,1.11) | 0.98 (0.87,1.11) | 1.06 (0.99,1.14)^ |
| Highest education level | |||
| Secondary or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No education/ Primary only | 1.21 (1.13,1.29)*** | 1.34 (1.19,1.50)*** | 1.13 (1.04,1.21)** |
| 'Media exposure | |||
| Some | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not at all | 1.08 (1.02,1.15)** | 0.96 (0.84,1.11) | 1.12 (1.05,1.20)*** |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 0.95 (0.74,1.23) | 1.27 (0.82,1.96) | 0.83 (0.61,1.12) |
| Total no. children living with mother | |||
| 3 or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4 or more | 1.13 (1.01,1.26)* | 1.11 (0.87,1.41) | 1.12 (0.99,1.28)^ |
| Total children ever born | |||
| 1 to 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3 | 1.07 (0.93,1.23) | 1.00 (0.76,1.30) | 1.08 (0.92,1.27) |
| 4 or more | 1.18 (0.99,1.40)^ | 1.28 (0.91,1.80) | 1.14 (0.94,1.39) |
| Current contraception use | |||
| Not currently using | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Currently using (any method) | 0.99 (0.93,1.05) | 1.08 (0.96,1.21) | 0.96 (0.89,1.02) |
| Maternal stature | |||
| Normal/Tall (155 to <200 cm) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Short (145 to <155 cm) | 2.14 (2.00,2.29)*** | 2.31 (2.03,2.62)*** | 2.07 (1.92,2.24)*** |
| Very short (<145 cm) | 4.70 (4.29,5.14)*** | 5.38 (4.56,6.35)*** | 4.44 (3.98,4.95)*** |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| Normal (18.5 to <25) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.30 (1.22,1.38)*** | 1.47 (1.31,1.64)*** | 1.25 (1.16,1.33)*** |
| Overweight (≥25) | 0.71 (0.65,0.78)*** | 0.74 (0.65,0.86)*** | 0.71 (0.62,0.80)*** |
| Worked in last 12 months | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) | 1.06 (0.94,1.19) | 0.95 (0.88,1.03) |
| Level of autonomy | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Average-high | 0.95 (0.90,1.00)* | 0.90 (0.81,1.00)* | 0.96 (0.91,1.02) |
| Household Background | |||
| National Wealth Index | |||
| Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 0.87 (0.81,0.95)*** | 0.86 (0.71,1.05) | 0.86 (0.78,0.93)*** |
| Middle | 0.79 (0.73,0.86)*** | 0.73 (0.60,0.88)*** | 0.78 (0.71,0.85)*** |
| Richer | 0.69 (0.63,0.76)*** | 0.68 (0.57,0.83)*** | 0.63 (0.57,0.71)*** |
| Richest | 0.47 (0.42,0.53)*** | 0.48 (0.39,0.58)*** | 0.43 (0.37,0.51)*** |
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 0.93(0.87,1.00)^ | - | - |
| Division | |||
| Dhaka | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Chittagong | 1.07(0.97,1.18) | 0.97(0.81,1.15) | 1.13 (1.01,1.26)* |
| Others | 0.90 (0.83,0.97)** | 0.78 (0.68,0.89)*** | 1.00(0.88,1.06) |
| Household size | |||
| 1 to 6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 7 or more | 1.07 (1.01,1.14)* | 1.03 (0.92,1.15) | 1.10 (1.03,1.19)** |
| Household head | |||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.93 (0.84,1.02) | 0.89 (0.73,1.08) | 0.95 (0.84,1.06) |
| Type of toilet facility | |||
| Improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-improved | 1.12 (1.05,1.19)*** | 1.03 (0.93,1.16) | 1.15 (1.06,1.24)*** |
| Source of drinking water | |||
| Improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-improved | 1.24 (1.06,1.44)** | 0.80 (0.56,1.16) | 1.30 (1.10,1.54)** |