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Table 4 Independent predictors of childhood stunting: adjusted estimates at national level and by urban-rural residence

From: Understanding urban inequalities in children’s linear growth outcomes: a trend and decomposition analysis of 39,049 children in Bangladesh (2000-2018)

Stunting OR (95% CI)

N (unweighted)

National (N=30463)

Urban Residence(N=9425)

Rural Residence (N=21038)

Predictors

Child’s Background

Sex

  Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Female

0.92 (0.88,0.97)**

0.89 (0.81,0.98)**

0.94 (0.89,1.00)^

Age (months)

  0-11

1.00

1.00

1.00

  12-23

3.26 (3.00,3.55)***

3.12 (2.65,3.67)***

3.34 (3.02,3.68)***

  24-59

3.76 (3.48,4.07)***

3.17 (2.74,3.67)***

4.07 (3.71,4.47)***

Birth Order

  1 to 2

1.00

1.00

1.00

  3 or higher

0.89 (0.77,1.02)^

0.97 (0.74,1.28)

0.88 (0.75,1.03)^

Place of birth

  Health facility

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Home

1.28 (1.19,1.38)***

1.38 (1.22,1.56)***

1.18 (1.07,1.29)***

Vaccinated (measles)

  Yes

1.00

1.00

1.00

  No

1.22 (1.13,1.32)***

1.34 (1.16,1.54)***

1.17 (1.07,1.29)***

Mother’s Background

Age at first marriage

  18 years or older

1.00

1.00

1.00

  17 years or younger

1.04 (0.97,1.13)

1.25 (1.08,1.44)**

0.94 (0.86,1.03)

Age at first child’s birth

  18 years or older

1.00

1.00

1.00

  17 years or younger

1.04 (0.98,1.11)

0.98 (0.87,1.11)

1.06 (0.99,1.14)^

Highest education level

  Secondary or higher

1.00

1.00

1.00

  No education/ Primary only

1.21 (1.13,1.29)***

1.34 (1.19,1.50)***

1.13 (1.04,1.21)**

'Media exposure

  Some

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Not at all

1.08 (1.02,1.15)**

0.96 (0.84,1.11)

1.12 (1.05,1.20)***

Marital status

  Married

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Widowed/divorced/separated

0.95 (0.74,1.23)

1.27 (0.82,1.96)

0.83 (0.61,1.12)

Total no. children living with mother

  3 or less

1.00

1.00

1.00

  4 or more

1.13 (1.01,1.26)*

1.11 (0.87,1.41)

1.12 (0.99,1.28)^

Total children ever born

  1 to 2

1.00

1.00

1.00

  3

1.07 (0.93,1.23)

1.00 (0.76,1.30)

1.08 (0.92,1.27)

  4 or more

1.18 (0.99,1.40)^

1.28 (0.91,1.80)

1.14 (0.94,1.39)

Current contraception use

  Not currently using

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Currently using (any method)

0.99 (0.93,1.05)

1.08 (0.96,1.21)

0.96 (0.89,1.02)

Maternal stature

  Normal/Tall (155 to <200 cm)

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Short (145 to <155 cm)

2.14 (2.00,2.29)***

2.31 (2.03,2.62)***

2.07 (1.92,2.24)***

  Very short (<145 cm)

4.70 (4.29,5.14)***

5.38 (4.56,6.35)***

4.44 (3.98,4.95)***

Body Mass Index

  Normal (18.5 to <25)

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Underweight (<18.5)

1.30 (1.22,1.38)***

1.47 (1.31,1.64)***

1.25 (1.16,1.33)***

  Overweight (≥25)

0.71 (0.65,0.78)***

0.74 (0.65,0.86)***

0.71 (0.62,0.80)***

Worked in last 12 months

  No

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Yes

0.99 (0.92,1.06)

1.06 (0.94,1.19)

0.95 (0.88,1.03)

Level of autonomy

  Low

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Average-high

0.95 (0.90,1.00)*

0.90 (0.81,1.00)*

0.96 (0.91,1.02)

Household Background

National Wealth Index

  Poor

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Poorer

0.87 (0.81,0.95)***

0.86 (0.71,1.05)

0.86 (0.78,0.93)***

  Middle

0.79 (0.73,0.86)***

0.73 (0.60,0.88)***

0.78 (0.71,0.85)***

  Richer

0.69 (0.63,0.76)***

0.68 (0.57,0.83)***

0.63 (0.57,0.71)***

  Richest

0.47 (0.42,0.53)***

0.48 (0.39,0.58)***

0.43 (0.37,0.51)***

Residence

  Urban

1.00

  

  Rural

0.93(0.87,1.00)^

-

-

Division

  Dhaka

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Chittagong

1.07(0.97,1.18)

0.97(0.81,1.15)

1.13 (1.01,1.26)*

  Others

0.90 (0.83,0.97)**

0.78 (0.68,0.89)***

1.00(0.88,1.06)

Household size

  1 to 6

1.00

1.00

1.00

  7 or more

1.07 (1.01,1.14)*

1.03 (0.92,1.15)

1.10 (1.03,1.19)**

Household head

  Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Female

0.93 (0.84,1.02)

0.89 (0.73,1.08)

0.95 (0.84,1.06)

Type of toilet facility

  Improved

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Non-improved

1.12 (1.05,1.19)***

1.03 (0.93,1.16)

1.15 (1.06,1.24)***

Source of drinking water

  Improved

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Non-improved

1.24 (1.06,1.44)**

0.80 (0.56,1.16)

1.30 (1.10,1.54)**

  1. Notes: Model accounts for survey fixed effects and standard errors clustered at the survey-cluster level
  2. ^p ≤0.1; *p ≤0.05; ** p ≤0.01; *** p ≤0.001