Table 3 Background characteristics of rural, urban poor, and urban non-poor children (0-59 months) in pooled sample

 Male

N=30603

51.0%

N=2207

51.4%

N=6542

51.5%

0.698

 Mean age (in months)

N=30603

29.4

N=2207

28.9

N=6542

29.7

0.194

 Birth order: First born

N=30603

32.7%

N=2207

31.1%

N=6542

41.3%

<0.001

 Place of birth: At home

N=26286

82.1%

N=1931

84.0%

N=5276

48.2%

<0.001

 Perceived size at birth: Very small/ smaller than average^a

N=13781

18.4%

N=970

22.4%

N=2732

15.7%

<0.001

 Dewormed in last 6 months (age 6-59 months)^b

N=15453

44.5%

N=1048

47.4%

N=3976

47.7%

0.025

 Vaccinated for measles (0-59 months)^e

N=28419

84.6%

N=2055

82.4%

N=5863

89.4%

 <0.001

 Sought medical help when ill with diarrhea^f

N=1947

31.3%

N=149

30.8%

N=373

50.0%

<0.001

 Sought medical help when ill with fever/ cough^f

N=13895

29.9%

N=1049

31.3%

N=2694

44.8%

<0.001

 Mean current age (years)

N=30603

25.57

N=2207

25.26

N=6542

26.01

<0.001

 Mean age at first marriage (years)

N=30603

15.49

N=2207

15.10

N=6542

16.91

<0.001

 Mean age at first child’s birth (years)

N=30603

17.71

N=2207

17.25

N=6542

19.12

<0.001

 Divorced/widowed/separated

N=30603

1.5%

N=2207

2.6%

N=6542

1.6%

0.002

 Non-Muslim

N=30599

8.7%

N=2207

9.5%

N=6540

8.3%

0.724

 Maternal education:

N=30603

N=2207

N=6541

<0.001

  No education

26.1%

33.2%

11.2%

  Secondary or higher

43.2%

28.5%

66.4%

 No media exposure

N=30597

44.2%

N=2205

40.7%

N=6540

7.3%

<0.001

 Mean number of total children ever born

N=30603

2.72

N=2207

2.75

N=6542

2.17

<0.001

 Currently using contraception (any method)

N=30603

59.5%

N=2207

63.6%

N=6542

74.0%

<0.001

 4 or more number of children living with mother

N=30560

17.2%

N=2205

17.4%

N=6532

8.2%

<0.001

 Very short (<145 cm) maternal stature

N=30567

14.2%

N=2204

17.9%

N=6540

11.4%

<0.001

 Underweight (<18.5) Body Mass Index^g

N=28850

31.6%

N=2087

33.6%

N=6306

14.7%

<0.001

 Worked in last 12 months

N=30603

24.8%

N=2207

32.5%

N=6541

21.3%

<0.001

 Unskilled laborer^h

N=7492

75.9%

N=711

75.5%

N=1368

35.9%

<0.001

 Low level of autonomy

N=30349

37.6%

N=2174

33.1%

N=6473

26.9%

<0.001

 No antenatal care visit (most recent live birth):

N=22451

39.6%

N=1656

36.6%

N=4,803

12.2%

<0.001

 No postnatal check within 2 months of birth (most recent live birth):^b

N=11616

45.9%

N=816

45.3%

N=2,984

28.4%

<0.001

 Average national wealth indexⁱ

N=30603

2.56

N=2207

2.13

N=6542

4.60

<0.001

 Dhaka Division

N=30603

26.7%

N=2207

25.9%

N=6542

51.4%

<0.001

 Average household size

N=30603

6.3

N=2207

5.7

N=6542

6.1

<0.001

 Female headed

N=30603

9.1%

N=2207

6.9%

N=6542

8.5%

0.023

 Has improved toilet^j

N=28369

41.6%

N=2067

40.2%

N=6131

70.7%

<0.001

 Shares toilet with other households^c

N=18021

36.6%

N=1345

52.9%

N=4746

44.1%

<0.001

 Has improved source of drinking water^j

N=28357

97.1%

N=2067

97.9%

N=6133

99.6%

<0.001

 Has water source located ‘elsewhere’ (not in own dwelling/yard/plot)^b

N=16865

26.9%

N=1151

34.2%

N=2987

18.9%

<0.001

 Has handwashing place observed in dwelling^c

N=17096

91.1%

N=1,171

91.1%

N=4404

98.6%

<0.001

 Cooks with solid fuels^d

N=23348

96.9%

N=1,698

98.1%

N=5496

40.9%

<0.001