Skip to main content

Table 3 Background characteristics of rural, urban poor, and urban non-poor children (0-59 months) in pooled sample

From: Understanding urban inequalities in children’s linear growth outcomes: a trend and decomposition analysis of 39,049 children in Bangladesh (2000-2018)

 

Rural

Urban Poor

Urban Non-Poor

p-value

Child Background

 Male

N=30603

51.0%

N=2207

51.4%

N=6542

51.5%

0.698

 Mean age (in months)

N=30603

29.4

N=2207

28.9

N=6542

29.7

0.194

 Birth order: First born

N=30603

32.7%

N=2207

31.1%

N=6542

41.3%

<0.001

 Place of birth: At home

N=26286

82.1%

N=1931

84.0%

N=5276

48.2%

<0.001

 Perceived size at birth: Very small/ smaller than averagea

N=13781

18.4%

N=970

22.4%

N=2732

15.7%

<0.001

 Dewormed in last 6 months (age 6-59 months)b

N=15453

44.5%

N=1048

47.4%

N=3976

47.7%

0.025

 Vaccinated for measles (0-59 months)e

N=28419

84.6%

N=2055

82.4%

N=5863

89.4%

 <0.001

 Sought medical help when ill with diarrheaf

N=1947

31.3%

N=149

30.8%

N=373

50.0%

<0.001

 Sought medical help when ill with fever/ coughf

N=13895

29.9%

N=1049

31.3%

N=2694

44.8%

<0.001

Mother’s Background

 Mean current age (years)

N=30603

25.57

N=2207

25.26

N=6542

26.01

<0.001

 Mean age at first marriage (years)

N=30603

15.49

N=2207

15.10

N=6542

16.91

<0.001

 Mean age at first child’s birth (years)

N=30603

17.71

N=2207

17.25

N=6542

19.12

<0.001

 Divorced/widowed/separated

N=30603

1.5%

N=2207

2.6%

N=6542

1.6%

0.002

 Non-Muslim

N=30599

8.7%

N=2207

9.5%

N=6540

8.3%

0.724

 Maternal education:

N=30603

N=2207

N=6541

<0.001

  No education

26.1%

33.2%

11.2%

  Secondary or higher

43.2%

28.5%

66.4%

 No media exposure

N=30597

44.2%

N=2205

40.7%

N=6540

7.3%

<0.001

 Mean number of total children ever born

N=30603

2.72

N=2207

2.75

N=6542

2.17

<0.001

 Currently using contraception (any method)

N=30603

59.5%

N=2207

63.6%

N=6542

74.0%

<0.001

 4 or more number of children living with mother

N=30560

17.2%

N=2205

17.4%

N=6532

8.2%

<0.001

 Very short (<145 cm) maternal stature

N=30567

14.2%

N=2204

17.9%

N=6540

11.4%

<0.001

 Underweight (<18.5) Body Mass Indexg

N=28850

31.6%

N=2087

33.6%

N=6306

14.7%

<0.001

 Worked in last 12 months

N=30603

24.8%

N=2207

32.5%

N=6541

21.3%

<0.001

 Unskilled laborerh

N=7492

75.9%

N=711

75.5%

N=1368

35.9%

<0.001

 Low level of autonomy

N=30349

37.6%

N=2174

33.1%

N=6473

26.9%

<0.001

 No antenatal care visit (most recent live birth):

N=22451

39.6%

N=1656

36.6%

N=4,803

12.2%

<0.001

 No postnatal check within 2 months of birth (most recent live birth):b

N=11616

45.9%

N=816

45.3%

N=2,984

28.4%

<0.001

Household Background

 Average national wealth indexi

N=30603

2.56

N=2207

2.13

N=6542

4.60

<0.001

 Dhaka Division

N=30603

26.7%

N=2207

25.9%

N=6542

51.4%

<0.001

 Average household size

N=30603

6.3

N=2207

5.7

N=6542

6.1

<0.001

 Female headed

N=30603

9.1%

N=2207

6.9%

N=6542

8.5%

0.023

 Has improved toiletj

N=28369

41.6%

N=2067

40.2%

N=6131

70.7%

<0.001

 Shares toilet with other householdsc

N=18021

36.6%

N=1345

52.9%

N=4746

44.1%

<0.001

 Has improved source of drinking waterj

N=28357

97.1%

N=2067

97.9%

N=6133

99.6%

<0.001

 Has water source located ‘elsewhere’ (not in own dwelling/yard/plot)b

N=16865

26.9%

N=1151

34.2%

N=2987

18.9%

<0.001

 Has handwashing place observed in dwellingc

N=17096

91.1%

N=1,171

91.1%

N=4404

98.6%

<0.001

 Cooks with solid fuelsd

N=23348

96.9%

N=1,698

98.1%

N=5496

40.9%

<0.001

  1. Notes: Weighted means and percentages; sample includes live children with valid anthropometirc data and excludes missing values. Chi-square test (for categorical variables) and Adjusted Wald test (for continuos variables) were used to assess statistical significant differences (p-values) across subgroups
  2. aVariable not collected in 2004 and 2018 waves. bVariable not collected in 2000, 2004 and 2007 waves. cVariable not collected in 2000 and 2004 waves. dVariable not collected in 2000 wave. eChildren that received measles vaccination at any time before survey, with sources both from immunization card and recall; children 8 months or younger were counted as having received measles vaccination (as the vaccine is typically given only after 9 months of age). fAmong children having an episode in last 2 weeks of interview. gExcludes pregnant women. hAmong working mothers. iNational wealth quintiles scaled from 1 (poorest) to 5 (richest). jExcludes non de-jure residents