Table 3 Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) for depressive symptoms according to income level, adjusted for education and other potential confounders
From: Education, household income, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Japanese adults
| Â | Household income (Yen/yr) | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | 2nd | 3rd | Highest | ||
(<3,000,000) | (≥3,000,000; < 6,000,000) | (≥6,000,000; < 9,000,000) | (≥9,000,000) |  | |
Men | |||||
 Prevalence | 2043/5913 (34.6%) | 2532/8659 (29.2%) | 854/3274 (26.1%) | 371/1658 (22.4%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.66 (0.61–0.71) | 0.53 (0.48–0.59) | 0.46 (0.40–0.52) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (1)1 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.76 (0.71–0.83) | 0.66 (0.59–0.74) | 0.58 (0.50–0.66) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (2)2 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) | 0.59 (0.51–0.68) | < 0.0001 |
Women | |||||
 Prevalence | 2649/7073 (37.5%) | 2437/7316 (33.3%) | 878/2991 (29.4%) | 459/1615 (28.4%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.62 (0.56–0.68) | 0.61 (0.54–0.68) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (1)1 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | 0.67 (0.59–0.76) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (2)2 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | 0.68 (0.60–0.77) | < 0.0001 |
Men and women combined | |||||
 Prevalence | 4692/12986 (36.1%) | 4969/15975 (31.1%) | 1732/6265 (27.7%) | 830/3273 (25.4%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.72 (0.68–0.75) | 0.57 (0.54–0.61) | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (1)3 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) | 0.67 (0.63–0.72) | 0.63 (0.57–0.69) | < 0.0001 |
 Multivariable adjusted OR (2)4(95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | 0.68 (0.64–0.73) | 0.64 (0.59–0.70) | < 0.0001 |