Table 2 Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) for depressive symptoms according to education level, adjusted for income and other potential confounders
From: Education, household income, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Japanese adults
| Â | Education level | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior high school | High school | Junior college | University or higher | ||
Men | |||||
 Prevalence | 1385/4858 (28.5%) | 2917/9881(29.5%) | 886/2454 (36.1%) | 612/2311(26.5%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.68 (0.61–0.77) | < 0.0001 |
 Adjusted OR (1)1 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | 0.0005 |
 Adjusted OR (2)2 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) | 0.0494 |
Women | |||||
 Prevalence | 1478/4620 (32.0%) | 3198/9217 (34.7%) | 1518/4405 (34.5%) | 229/753 (30.4%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | < 0.0001 |
 Adjusted OR (1)1 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 0.0002 |
 Adjusted OR (2)2 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) | 0.0148 |
Men and women combined | |||||
 Prevalence | 2863/9478 (30.2%) | 6115/19098 (32.0%) | 2404/6859 (35.1%) | 841/3064 (27.5%) |  |
 Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.66 (0.60–0.72) | < 0.0001 |
 Adjusted OR (1)3 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | < 0.0001 |
 Adjusted OR (2)4 (95% CI) | 1 (Reference) | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.0007 |