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Table 1 Demographic and health characteristics of participants with different exposure of PM2.5, China, 2006–2010

From: Long-term ambient PM2.5 exposure associated with cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese less educated population

 

Overall population

PM2.5 < 35 μg/m3

PM2.5 ≥ 35 μg/m3

P

N, n (%)a

19,236 (100)

10,010 (52.0)

9226 (48.0)

 

Age, mean ± SDb

42.8 ± 16.1

41.8 ± 15.1

43.9 ± 17.1

< 0.001

Age ≥ 65 years old, n (%)a

2102 (10.9)

848 (8.5)

1254 (13.6)

< 0.001

Sex (Male), n (%)a

9041 (47.0)

4530 (45.3)

4511 (48.9)

< 0.001

Education, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Preliminary school or below

4263 (22.2)

3098 (31.0)

1165 (12.6)

 

 Middle school

3709 (19.3)

2032 (20.3)

1677 (18.2)

 

 High School

4245 (22.1)

1975 (19.7)

2270 (24.6)

 

 College or above

7019 (36.5)

2905 (29.0)

4114 (44.6)

 

Ethnicity, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Han

12,108 (62.9)

5419 (54.1)

6689 (72.5)

 

 Yi

1981 (10.3)

1972 (19.7)

9 (0.1)

 

 Hui

1492 (7.8)

139 (1.4)

1353 (14.7)

 

 Mongolian

1065 (5.5)

1051 (10.5)

14 (0.2)

 

 Tibetan

664 (3.5)

657 (6.6)

7 (0.1)

 

 Korean

643 (3.3)

554 (5.5)

89 (1.0)

 

 Tujia

616 (3.2)

5 (0.0)

611 (6.6)

 

 Miao

377 (2.0)

11 (0.1)

366 (4.0)

 

 Others

290 (1.5)

202 (2.0)

88 (1.0)

 

Current smoker, n (%)a

4064 (21.1)

2243 (22.4)

1821 (19.7)

< 0.001

Current drinker, n (%)a

4443 (23.1)

2399 (24.0)

2044 (22.2)

0.003

Physical activity, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Low

2679 (13.9)

1322 (13.2)

1357 (14.7)

 

 Moderate

10,350 (53.8)

5230 (52.2)

5120 (55.5)

 

 High

6207 (32.3)

3458 (34.5)

2749 (29.8)

 

Sugar-rich diet, n (%)a

2498 (13.0)

1411 (14.1)

1087 (11.8)

< 0.001

Salt-rich diet, n (%)a

2059 (10.7)

1100 (11.0)

959 (10.4)

0.183

Spicy diet, n (%)a

4226 (22.0)

2073 (20.7)

2153 (23.3)

< 0.001

Fat-rich diet, n (%)a

1735 (9.0)

987 (9.9)

748 (8.1)

< 0.001

Light diet, n (%)a

3594 (18.7)

1616 (16.1)

1978 (21.4)

< 0.001

Residence (urban), n (%)a

9777 (50.8)

4369 (43.6)

5408 (58.6)

< 0.001

Region (south), n (%)a

10,224 (53.2)

4942 (49.4)

5282 (57.3)

< 0.001

PM2.5, median (IQR), μg/m3 c

33.4 (14.8–53.4)

14.8 (13.8–21.8)

53.4 (48.9–62.8)

< 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)a

755 (3.9)

329 (3.3)

426 (4.6)

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)a

4383 (22.8)

2204 (22.0)

2179 (23.6)

0.008

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)a

5391 (28.0)

3193 (31.9)

2198 (23.8)

< 0.001

Overweight, n (%)a

7727 (40.2)

4030 (40.3)

3697 (40.1)

0.790

  1. Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation
  2. a Compared by the χ2 test
  3. b Compared by independent sample t-test
  4. c Compared by the Mann-Whitney U test