Table 3 Associations between disclosure of same-sex practices and healthcare stigma among MSM in SSA (pooled), 2014–2016 (N = 3040)
| Â | Afraid to seek health services | Avoided health services | Gossiped about by healthcare providers | Felt mistreated in a health center | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Empty | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | Empty | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | Empty | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | Empty | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||||
Same-sex practices disclosure | ||||||||||||
 Not to a FM or a HCW (ref) | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 To a FM only | – | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) | – | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) | 1.04 (0.77, 1.39) | – | 1.66** (1.16, 2.37) | 1.70** (1.18, 2.45) | – | 1.42 (0.86, 2.33) | 1.56 ~ (0.94, 2.59) |
 To a HCW only | – | 1.64** (1.18, 2.27) | 1.60** (1.14, 2.25) | – | 1.76** (1.24, 2.50) | 1.74*** (1.22, 2.50) | – | 1.45 (0.86, 2.45) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) | – | 2.79** (1.55, 5.03) | 2.62** (1.43, 4.81) |
 To a FM and a HCW | – | 1.93** (1.33, 2.79) | 1.71** (1.16, 2.52) | – | 1.77** (1.18, 2.65) | 1.59* (1.04, 2.42) | – | 4.14*** (2.67, 6.40) | 3.78*** (2.38, 5.99) | – | 4.44*** (1.95, 6.05) | 3.39*** (1.86, 6.20) |
Random effect | ||||||||||||
 Country-level variance (SE) | 0.35*** (0.23) | 0.34*** (0.22) | 0.28*** (0.19) | 0.42*** (0.28) | 0.40*** (0.27) | 0.31*** (0.21) | 0.31*** (0.22) | 0.30*** (0.21) | 0.26*** (0.20) | 0.35*** (0.25) | 0.28*** (0.20) | 0.19** (0.15) |
Model characteristics | ||||||||||||
 Intra-class correlation | 9.7% | 9.3% | 7.9% | 11.4% | 10.9% | 8.6% | 8.5% | 8.3% | 7.5% | 9.7% | 9.9% | 5.3% |