Table 4 Characteristics of Included Studies

Bowen DJ WD. 2014.

Recruitment: flyers in public places, word of mouth, referrals from social groups Five focus groups, 90 min sessions. Recording sessions and transcribing Analysis: Data coded, analyzed and interpreted to identify emerging themes

United States of America

Attitudes and beliefs for cancer screening practices in American Indian women

American Native/ American Indian

102 participants Age range: 18–64 years Caregivers of adolescent Native American girls (for whom HPV vaccine is recommended)

Themes: 1. Disease prevention is important 2. HPV vaccine recommendations are unclear 3. Communicating with daughter 4. Confusion about HPV testing and HPV vaccination 5. Patient-provider relationship is important 6. Medical Mistrust

Henderson RJ S-BM. 2018.

Recruitment: One day event with First nations elders and leaders, presentations, discussions and sharing circles. The discussions were recorded and transcribed. Analysis: Coding of transcriptions in NVivo 10 including a thematic analysis

Canada

Barriers and facilitators for HPV vaccinations among First Nation populations

First Nations leaders, elders and health service directors

Sample Size: 24

Themes: 1. The need for a trauma informed lens 2. Role of family and community ties 3. Adapting to a changing information landscape

Schmidt-Grimminger D FL. 2013.

Community based participant research, Focus groups for qualitative data, transcription and coding of data collected Thematic analysis

United States of America

Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to the HPV vaccine and factors that facilitate or hinder vaccination among Alaskan Native populations

Alaskan Native groups

Sample size: 73

Themes: 1. HPV and HPV vaccine perceptions 2. Information needs and service providers 3. Barriers to HPV vaccination 4. Suggestions for improving HPV vaccination rates

Clark E. 2014.

Semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis based upon grounded theory

Peru

Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs about cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine

Ucayali river basin in the Amazonian province of Ucayali; Shipibo-Konibo Indigenous Women

(N = 30), Women, ages 18–39, Shipibo-Konibo Indigenous,

Geographic differences in attribution of cervical cancer and importance of vaccine information for parents, although few women had heard of the HPV vaccine, all were in favour of their daughters receiving vaccination

Toffolon-Weiss M. 2008.

Focus groups, audiophiles and moderator notes on non-verbal behaviours; analysed with Atlas TI software

Alaska, USA

Parental attitudes on cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine

Alaska Native parents from urban, hub and village communities

(N = 79), all had a 9–18 year old daughter or ward; 64 female, 15 male, age 21–61+, N = 28 experience in medical setting

The majority of parents were interested in having their daughters vaccinated. Accep- tance of the vaccine was primarily based on a parent’s desire to protect her/his child from cancer; while reasons for refusal revolved around trust issues and fear of unknown negative consequences of the vaccine.