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Table 3 Associations between education and diabetes self-management factors among those with self-reported diabetes diagnosis by country

From: Educational differences in diabetes and diabetes self-management behaviours in WHO SAGE countries

 

Ghana

(N = 137*)

India

(N = 413*)

South Africa

(N = 239*)

China

(N = 654*)

Mexico

(N = 315*)

Russia

(N = 187)

Leisure activity

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·16 (1·08, 1·25)

1·15 (1·08, 1·23)

1·18 (1·02, 1·37)

1·03 (0.98, 1·08)

1·09 (0·95, 1·27)

1·14 (1·04, 1·25)

p < 0·001

p < 0·001

p = 0·03

p = 0.18

p = 0·21

p = 0.01

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·15 (1·05, 1·26)

1·11 (1·03, 1·19)

1·16 (1·00, 1·35)

0·97 (0·92, 1·03)

1·11 (0·96, 1·29)

1·04 (0·84, 1·28)

p = 0.003

p = 0·01

p = 0·05

p = 0·36

p = 0·15

p = 0·74

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·15 (1·05, 1·26)

1·11 (1·03, 1·21)

1·07 (0·88, 1·30)

0·97 (0·92, 1·03)

–

1.05 (0.86, 1.27)

p = 0.002

p = 0·01

p = 0·48

p = 0·34

 

p = 0.65

Transport activity

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·06 (0.99, 1·13)

1·00 (0·94, 1·05)

1·03 (0·91, 1·17)

1·02 (0·98, 1·06)

0·95 (0·86, 1·05)

1·17 (1·03, 1·32)

p = 0·08

p = 0·88

p = 0·61

p = 0·33

p = 0·31

p = 0·02

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·03 (0·95, 1·12)

1·00 (0·95, 1·07)

1·03 (0·91, 1·17)

0·97 (0·93, 1·01)

0·90 (0·82, 0·99)

1·10 (0·96, 1·26)

p = 0·44

p = 0·77

p = 0·61

p = 0·14

p = 0·03

p = 0·15

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·03 (0·94, 1·13)

1·01 (0·95, 1·08)

1·02 (0·92, 1·13)

0·97 (0·92, 1·01)

–

1·07 (0·94, 1·23)

p = 0·53

p = 0·70

p = 0·74

p = 0·13

 

p = 0·30

√(Sedentary time) (mins/day)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

−0·04 (−0·16, 0·08)

0·01 (−0·15, 0·18)

−0·004 (−0·24, 0·24)

−0·09 (−0·19, 0·02)

0·09 (−0·09, 0·27)

−0·03 (−0·36, 0·31)

p = 0·52

p = 0·87

p = 0·98

p = 0·10

p = 0·34

p = 0·88

Adjustment 1

 Education

0·04 (−0·11, 0·19)

0·02 (−0·21, 0·24)

0·001 (−0·28, 0·28)

0·01 (−0·10, 0·11)

0·07 (−0·11, 0·25)

0·06 (−0·40, 0·52)

p = 0·56

p = 0·90

p = 1·00

p = 0·90

p = 0·44

p = 0·79

Adjustment 2

 Education

0·05 (−0·10, 0·19)

0.01 (−0·21, 0·24)

−0·07 (−0·35, 0·21)

0·01 (−0·10, 0·11)

–

0·08 (−0·31, 0·47)

p = 0·52

p = 0·90

p = 0·62

p = 0·89

 

p = 0·68

Fruit

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·01 (0·99, 1·02)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·02 (0·98, 1·05)

1·03 (1·02, 1·05)

1·02 (1·00, 1·05)

1·04 (0·98, 1·10)

p = 0·38

p = 0·02

p = 0·34

p < 0·001

p = 0·05

p = 0·24

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·02 (0·99, 1·04)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·01 (0·98, 1·05)

1·03 (1·02, 1·05)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·04 (0·99, 1·10)

p = 0·23

p = 0·10

p = 0·50

p < 0·001

p = 0·12

p = 0·13

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·02 (0·99, 1·04)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·00 (0·97, 1·03)

1·03 (1·02, 1·05)

–

1·03 (0·99, 1·07)

p = 0·21

p = 0·11

p = 0·99

p < 0·001

 

p = 0·19

Vegetables

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·01 (0·98, 1·04)

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·04 (1·01, 1·08)

p = 0·52

p = 0·01

p = 0·66

p = 0·93

p = 0·06

p = 0·02

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·00 (0·99, 1·02)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·01 (0·98, 1·04)

1·00 (0.99, 1·01)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·05 (1·02, 1·07)

p = 0·52

p = 0·04

p = 0·42

p = 0·41

p = 0·13

p < 0·001

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·00 (0·98, 1·03)

1·00 (0.99, 1·01)

–

1·04 (1·02, 1·06)

p = 0·58

p = 0·06

p = 0·72

p = 0·49

 

p < 0·001

Fruit and vegetables

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·00 (0·99, 1·02)

1·02 (1·01, 1·03)

1·01 (0·98, 1·04)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·04 (1·00, 1·08)

p = 0·39

p = 0·003

p = 0·49

p = 0·05

p = 0·01

p = 0·07

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·01 (0·99, 1·03)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·01 (0·98, 1·04)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·02 (1·00, 1·04)

1·04 (1·01, 1·08)

p = 0·28

p = 0·02

p = 0·43

p = 0·03

p = 0·04

p = 0·01

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·01 (0·99, 1·03)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

1·00 (0·98, 1·03)

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)

–

1·03 (1·01, 1·06)

p = 0·27

p = 0·03

p = 0·83

p = 0·04

 

p = 0·01

Special diet

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·00 (0·98, 1·02)**

1·04 (1·01, 1·06)**

1·00 (0·97, 1·02)**

1·00 (0·98, 1·01)**

1·03 (1·00, 1·06)**

0·98 (0·96, 1·01)**

p = 0·84

p = 0·003

p = 0·83

p = 0·51

p = 0·11

p = 0·16

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·00 (0·98, 1·02)**

1·06 (1·02, 1·09)**

1·01 (0·97, 1·04)**

0·99 (0·97, 1·01)**

1·03 (1·00, 1·06)**

0·98 (0·94, 1·02)**

p = 0·84

p < 0·001

p = 0·63

p = 0·30

p = 0·13

p = 0·32

Adjustment 2

 Education

0·99 (0·97, 1·02)**

1·06 (1·03, 1·09)**

0·99 (0·96, 1·03)**

0·99 (0·97, 1·01)**

–

0·98 (0·95, 1·02)**

p = 0·64

p < 0·001

p = 0·67

p = 0·29

 

p = 0·34

Insulin/blood sugar lowering medication

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

1·01 (0·99, 1·02)

1·03 (1·01, 1·06)

1·00 (1·00, 1·01)**

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)**

1·01 (1·00, 1·03)**

0·97 (0·91, 0·98)**

p = 0·54

p = 0·01

p = 0·31

p = 0·62

p = 0·18

p = 0·003

Adjustment 1

 Education

1·00 (0·99, 1·02)

1·04 (1·01, 1·07)**

1·01 (1·00, 1·02)**

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)**

1·01 (0·99, 1·02)**

0·94 (0·91, 0·98)**

p = 0·77

p = 0·02

p = 0·25

p = 0·78

p = 0·32

p = 0·001

Adjustment 2

 Education

1·00 (0·98, 1·02)

1·04 (1·01, 1·07)**

1·00 (0·99, 1·01)**

1·00 (0·99, 1·02)**

–

0·96 (0·92, 0·99)**

p = 0·99

p = 0·02

p = 0·75

p = 0·64

 

p = 0·01

Body mass index (kg/m2)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

0·19 (0·02, 0·36)

0·11 (0·01, 0·21)

0·16 (−0·22, 0·55)

−0·07 (−0·14, −0·004)

−0·02 (−0·19, 0·16)

−0·08 (−0·35, 0·20)

p = 0·026

p = 0·03

p = 0·41

p = 0·04

p = 0·86

p = 0·59

Adjustment 1

 Education

0·16 (−0·04, 0·36)

0·22 (0·11, 0·34)

0·16 (−0·23, 0·55)

−0·09 (−0·17, −0·02)

−0·02 (−0·18, 0·14)

−0·04 (−0·26, 0·18)

p = 0·12

p < 0·001

p = 0·43

p = 0·01

p = 0·81

p = 0·72

Adjustment 2

 Education

0·11 (−0·07, 0·28)

0·22 (0·10, 0·33)

0·31 (−0·04, 0·67)

−0·10 (−0·17, −0·03)

–

0·02 (−0·20, 0·24)

p = 0·23

p < 0·001

p = 0·08

p = 0·005

 

p = 0·86

Waist circumference (cm)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

0·21 (−0·13, 0·55)

0·52 (0·25, 0·79)

0·09 (−0·78, 0·95)

−0·05 (−0·27, 0·17)

0·20 (−0·29, 0·68)

−0·05 (−0·73, 0·62)

p = 0·23

p < 0·001

p = 0·84

p = 0·65

p = 0·42

p = 0·87

Adjustment 1

 Education

0·23 (−0·24, 0·70)

0·71 (0·39, 1·03)

0·05 (−0·86, 0·96)

−0·12 (−0·31, 0·07)

0·12 (−0·32, 0·57)

−0·01 (−0·54, 0·52)

p = 0·33

p < 0·001

p = 0·91

p = 0·20

p = 0·59

p = 0·98

Adjustment 2

 Education

0·17 (−0·24, 0·59)

0·69 (0·36, 1·01)

0·19 (−0·64, 1·02)

−0·13 (−0·31, 0·05)

 

0·14 (−0·47, 0·75)

p = 0·41

p < 0·001

p = 0·65

p = 0·15

–

p = 0·65

Hip circumference (cm)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Unadjusted

 Education

0·31 (−0·07, 0·68)

0·11 (−0·09, 0·31)

−0·33 (−1·12, 0·45)

0·10 (−0·11, 0·30)

0·15 (−0·27, 0·57)

−0·22 (−0·98, 0·55)

p = 0·11

p = 0·27

p = 0·40

p = 0·35

p = 0·49

p = 0·57

Adjustment 1

 Education

0·33 (−0·17, 0·82)

0·38 (0·18, 0·58)

−0·38 (−1·24, 0·48)

0·12 (−0·10, 0·34)

0·23 (−0·20, 0·66)

0·11 (−0·54, 0·76)

p = 0·19

p < 0·001

p = 0·39

p = 0·29

p = 0·29

p = 0·73

Adjustment 2

 Education

0·26 (−0·18, 0·70)

0·35 (0·15, 0·55)

−0·16 (−0·87, 0·56)

0·11 (−0·10, 0·33)

–

0·23 (−0·40, 0·87)

p = 0·25

p = 0·001

p = 0·67

p = 0·29

 

p = 0·47

  1. *Countries are presented in order of level of development from least to most developed [17]. 1Analysis adjusts for survey weights. *Number of participants in the sample who provided complete data for variables in analysis. **Poisson regression used to obtain approximate risk ratios as log-binomial regression failed to converge. Adjustment 1: models adjusted for age, sex and urbanicity. Adjustment 2: models adjusted for age, sex, urbanicity and ethnicity