The association between obesity and problematic smartphone use among school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai

Table 5 Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of predictors of overweight/obesity in participants by sex^a,b

Variables		Model D: n = 2549 Male OR (95% CI)	Model E: n = 2748 Female OR (95% CI)
Educational stage	Primary school	Reference	Reference
	Middle school	0.605 (0.391–0.935)^*	2.627 (1.539–4.486)^***
	High school	1.033 (0.502–2.124)	5.482 (2.158–13.926)^***
Age		0.942 (0.840–1.057)	0.751 (0.649–0.870)^***
Indoor PA time (m/day)^†	< 30	Reference	Reference
	30–60	1.033 (0.845–1.262)	1.014 (0.809–1.271)
	> 60	0.933 (0.735–1.184)	0.993 (0.727–1.357)
Outdoor PA time (m/day)	< 30	Reference	Reference
	30–60	0.971 (0.781–1.207)	0.983 (0.770–1.257)
	> 60	0.967 (0.765–1.223)	0.891 (0.674–1.179)
Academic stress^b		1.026 (0.945–1.114)	1.013 (0.906–1.133)
Mental health^c	Poor	Reference	Reference
	Good	0.933 (0.762–1.142)	1.082 (0.848–1.381)
Non-smartphone screen time (h/day)		1.007 (0.967–1.049)	1.041 (0.976–1.110)
PSU for social network (out of 30 points)^‡,d		0.997 (0.977–1.017)	0.980 (0.953–1.006)
PSU for entertainment (out of 20 points)		1.020 (0.998–1.042)	1.046 (1.018–1.075)^**
PSU for information collection (out of 15 points)		0.999 (0.972–1.026)	1.005 (0.970–1.042)

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
† PA Physical activity. ‡ PSU: Problematic smartphone use
a Participants with non-zero smartphone screen time were recruited
b Measured on a five-point scale with one question: “Would you say that your study pressure is very much, much, moderate, a little, or none?”
c Measured on the Chinese version of the World Health Organization’s Five-item Well-being Index (WHO-5)
d Dimensions of problematic smartphone use (social network, entertainment, and information collection) were measured on the Revised Problematic Smartphone Use Classification Scale

ISSN: 1471-2458