The association between obesity and problematic smartphone use among school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai

Table 3 Comparison between body mass index and potential overweight/obesity influencing factors of participants (continuous variables)^a

Variables	Underweight/normal Mean (Standard deviation)	Overweight/obese Mean (Standard deviation)	F (p)	η²
Age	12.99 ± 2.91	12.68 ± 2.92	13.33 ^***	0.002
Academic stress^b	2.87 ± 0.98	2.88 ± 1.06	0.10	< 0.001
Smartphone screen time (h/day)	1.50 ± 1.41	1.55 ± 1.48	1.02	< 0.001
Non-smartphone screen time (h/day)	1.07 ± 1.66	1.27 ± 2.01	12.40^***	0.003
PSU for social network (out of 30 points)^‡,c	10.57 ± 4.94	10.62 ± 5.07	0.12	< 0.001
PSU for entertainment (out of 20 points)	9.20 ± 4.47	9.96 ± 4.71	30.53^***	0.006
PSU for information collection (out of 15 points)	5.75 ± 2.92	5.92 ± 3.09	3.38	0.001
Total score of PSU (out of 65 points)	25.48 ± 9.62	26.48 ± 10.03	11.71 ^**	0.002

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
‡ PSU Problematic smartphone use
a Participants with non-zero smartphone screen time were recruited
b Measured on a five-point scale with one question: “Would you say that your study pressure is very much, much, moderate, a little, or none?”
c Dimensions of problematic smartphone use (social network, entertainment, and information collection) were measured on the Revised Problematic Smartphone Use Classification Scale

ISSN: 1471-2458