Study | Level in exclusive ENDS users [A] | Level in exclusive smokers [B] | % of [A] relative to [B] | ENDS users (N) | Smokers (N) | Additional details* (with further details in the Supplementary Information) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-cancer chronic respiratory disease (VOCs) | ||||||
Jay et al. 2020 [32] | 0.2 | 1.87 | 10.7% | 60 | 15 | 3-HPMA; within group experiment**; mean level in mg over 24 h (urine). |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.34 | 1.00 | 34.0% | 58 | 63 | CEMA (biomarker for acrylonitrile) showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.53 | 1.00 | 53.0% | 59 | 63 | 3-HPMA showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.53 | 1.00 | 53.0% | 58 | 63 | HMPMA showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Oliveri et al. 2020 [33] | 655.1 | 1232.4 | 53.2% | 59 | 54 | 3-HPMA; cartridge-based product. Least squares mean level in μg/g creatinine (urine). |
Weighted mean# | 40.5% | |||||
All cancers (TSNAs and PAHs) | ||||||
Oliveri et al. 2020 [33] | 28.6 | 230.1 | 12.4% | 59 | 57 | Total NNAL; ng/g creatinine (urine), least squares mean level; cartridge based product |
Boykan et al. 2019 [35] | 10 | 56 | 17.9% | 51 | 9 | Total NNAL (the proportion above threshold of 14.5 pg/mL, %); aged 12 to 21 years old; convenience sample of outpatients. |
Jay et al. 2020 [32] | 6.1 | 15.8 | 38.6% | 60 | 15 | NNN; mean ng over 24 h (urine); within group experiment**; the authors noted some anomalous results for NNN that concerned them. |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.47 | 1.00 | 47.0% | 56 | 76 | Total NNAL showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change**. There was little difference between the relative levels at 4 weeks (0.44) and 8 weeks (0.47). |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.79 | 1.00 | 79.0% | 56 | 62 | PheT (phenanthrene tetraol) a PAH showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Weighted mean# | 41.8% | |||||
Cardiovascular disease (CO and acrolein) | ||||||
Jay et al. 2020 [32] | 0.2 | 1.87 | 10.7% | 60 | 15 | 3-HPMA; within group experiment**; mean level in mg over 24 h (urine). |
Jay et al. 2020 [32] | 1.9 | 7.0 | 27.1% | 60 | 15 | COHb in blood (percent saturation); within group experiment** |
Nga et al. 2020 [34] | 6.40 | 16.47 | 38.9% | 15 | 15 | eCO as end tidal CO at 45 min; quasi-experimental with no randomisation (participants allowed to select products) |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.43 | 1.00 | 43.0% | 58 | 76 | eCO showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Hatsukami et al. 2020 [36] | 0.53 | 1.00 | 53.0% | 59 | 63 | 3-HPMA showing ratio relative to exclusive smoking; RCT; within group relative change** |
Oliveri et al. 2020 [33] | 655.1 | 1232.4 | 53.2% | 59 | 54 | 3-HPMA; cartridge based product. Least squares mean level in μg/g creatinine (urine). |
Oliveri et al. 2020 [33] | 2.2 | 4.1 | 53.7% | 61 | 62 | COHb in blood, least squares mean level; cartridge based product |
Weighted mean# | 42.9% |