Table 2 Educational topics that should be incorporated in an app for adults at risk of T2D
From: Co-design of a digital dietary intervention for adults at risk of type 2 diabetes
Workshop findings | Implementation recommendations—Persuasive design principlesa and implementation examples related to workshop findings |
|---|---|
Theme: T2D Stigma. People are influenced by negative connotations attached to people with T2D. TDF Domain: Social influences Example quote: “… i thought it was just fat lazy people who got type 2” | Trustworthiness: App should provide information that is genuine and non-discriminatory. For example: app uses language that does not perpetuate stigmatization of people with T2D, app recognises individual’s journey and focuses on individual goals. |
Theme: Impacts of disease. People require support to deal with the social, financial, and psychological impacts of T2D. TDF Domain: Emotion Example quote/s: “How do I go about eating over at friends or out at restaurants, so I don’t seem different?”, “That other people are going through the same thing and how to find those people”, “Am I going to die?” | Normative influence: App should enable users to gather with other users who have similar goals and make them feel norms. Examples include mechanisms to create groups or features a community forum for peer support. Praise: App should provide feedback information based on user’s behaviours using words, images, or sounds. Examples include automated text-messages to encourage, motivate, and empower users to reach individual goals. Tunnelling: App should provide action pathways that facilitate reaching target behaviour. Examples: App provides information or access to professional dietary advice/individualised dietary education and other health services. |
Theme: Individual, social, and environmental determinants People require additional support to manage their condition in the context of these determinants. TDF Domain: Environmental context and resources Example quote/s: “I receive food via a local food bank program to help get me by since my job has stood me down. It’s all white bread, pasta and potatoes … maybe 3 leaves of silver beet and some cans of things. What/how do make this work?” | Reduction: App should reduce effort that users need to adopt target behaviour. For example, app provides information on practical and budget-friendly dietary strategies. Tunnelling: App should provide action pathways that facilitate reaching target behaviour. For example, app presents tools for adopting behaviour such as menu plans and shopping lists in a sequential pattern. |
Theme: Credible sources of information People want to receive information from credible and reliable sources. TDF Domain: Reinforcement Example quote/s: (Participants do not wish to get answers/information from) “Anyone unskilled in dietary advice or who jumps to blame the person” | Real-world feel: App should provide details of the organisation and/or people involved in delivering the app’s content and services. For example, app allows users to reach specific people with expertise (e.g., healthcare professionals) through sending feedback or asking questions. Authority: App should refer to people or organisations with authority. For example, app quotes/references authorities e.g., government health board, global health authorities. Third-party endorsements: App should show endorsements from reputable sources, for example, app displays logos of reputable partners and stakeholders. Verifiability: App should enable users to verify the accuracy of content by redirecting them to external sources, for example, app provides links to other verified sources where content is displayed. |