Table 4 Multiple linear regression/spatial lag model results. MLR, ED, and HSP, respectively, stand for multiple linear regression, emergency department visits and hospital admissions. (* ≤ 0.05)

Model type

Spatial lag

MLR

MLR

MLR

MLR

–

–

MLR

Spatial lag

Spatial lag

Under 5 years

0.003*

0.002

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Over 65 years

0.001*

0.001*

–

–

0.008*

–

–

–

–

0.000

Over 65 years in nursing facilities

0.008*

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.020*

0.012*

–

Female

–

−0.001*

0.004*

0.003*

−0.010*

–

–

0.001

–

–

Non-Hispanic Black

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.000*

Non-Hispanic other races (American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian, other races)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Hispanic

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Labor force

–

–

–

–

0.007*

–

–

–

–

–

Unemployment rate

−0.001

− 0.001*

–

–

− 0.006

–

–

− 0.002*

–

–

Farming, fishing, mining, and forestry

–

–

0.003*

− 0.001

–

–

–

–

–

–

Construction and extraction

–

–

–

0.005*

–

–

–

0.002*

–

–

Installation, maintenance, and repair

−0.003*

− 0.002*

0.005

−0.009*

–

–

–

− 0.005*

−0.002

− 0.004*

Services

–

− 0.001

0.004*

–

−0.005

–

–

–

–

− 0.001*

Average income earned per person (Per capita income)

–

–

–

−0.001*

− 0.006*

–

–

− 0.001*

–

− 0.001*

Households earning $10,000 or less

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

−0.002*

–

–

Housing units with no automobile

−0.001*

–

–

0.003

–

–

–

–

−0.001*

–

Median year structure built

–

0.000

−0.001

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Children under 18 years living in one-parent families

0.001*

–

−0.002*

−0.002*

–

–

–

–

–

–