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Table 1 Participant Characteristics

From: The interaction of adverse childhood experiences and gender as risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders in US adults: a cross-sectional study

 

All (N = 4344)

Males (n = 2009)

Females (n = 2335)

 

Characteristica

No.

% (95% CI)a

No.

% (95% CI)a

No.

% (95% CI)a

P Valueb

Age, yearsc

  < 30

130

4.5 (3.7, 5.5)

63

5.7 (4.3, 7.7)

67

3.4 (2.6, 4.5)

 

 30–39

633

17.1 (15.8, 18.6)

282

15.9 (14.0, 18.1)

351

18.2 (16.3, 20.2)

 

 40–49

882

23.9 (22.4, 25.4)

403

24.2 (21.9, 26.7)

479

23.6 (21.6, 25.6)

.054

 50–59

1003

24.6 (23.1, 26.1)

452

24.4 (22.2, 26.7)

551

24.7 (22.9, 26.7)

 

 60–69

1013

18.3 (17.1, 19.5)

485

18.3 (16.6, 20.1)

528

18.3 (16.7, 19.9)

 

  ≥ 70

683

11.7 (10.7, 12.7)

324

11.5 (10.2, 13.0)

359

11.8 (10.6, 13.2)

 

Race

 White

3745

85.1 (83.7, 86.3)

1779

86.2 (84.0, 88.1)

1966

84.1 (82.4, 85.7)

.070

 Black

250

6.9 (5.9, 8.0)

76

5.6 (4.2, 7.5)

174

8.0 (6.8, 9.3)

 

 Other

325

8.0 (7.2, 9.0)

146

8.2 (6.8, 9.7)

179

8.0 (6.8, 9.3)

 

Current SED scored

 0–1

809

13.5 (12.6, 14.5)

449

15.1 (13.7, 16.7)

360

12.1 (10.9, 13.5)

 

 2–3

1257

25.5 (24.1, 26.9)

611

25.6 (23.6, 27.8)

646

25.4 (23.6, 27.3)

.065

 4–5

1298

31.5 (29.9, 33.2)

573

31.1 (28.7, 33.6)

725

31.9 (29.8, 34.1)

 

 6–8

940

29.5 (27.7, 31.3)

356

28.2 (25.4, 31.0)

584

30.6 (28.4, 32.9)

 

Childhood SED scoree

 0

853

17.9 (16.7, 19.2)

421

18.8 (17.0, 20.9)

432

17.2 (15.6, 18.9)

 

 1

999

21.8 (20.4, 23.2)

467

21.8 (19.7, 24.0)

532

21.7 (19.9, 23.6)

.729

 2

1165

28.0 (26.4, 29.6)

525

27.5 (25.2, 30.0)

640

28.3 (26.3, 30.4)

 

 3

831

20.2 (18.8, 21.7)

379

20.3 (18.2, 22.6)

452

20.2 (18.4, 22.1)

 

 4–6

489

12.1 (11.0, 13.3)

213

11.6 (9.9, 13.4)

276

12.6 (11.1, 14.2)

 

ACE scoref

 0

1955

42.7 (41.0, 44.4)

946

43.3 (40.7, 45.9)

1009

42.2 (40.0, 44.5)

 

 1

1141

26.6 (25.0, 28.2)

515

26.6 (24.3, 29.1)

626

26.5 (24.6, 28.6)

.542

 2

768

18.2 (16.9, 19.6)

351

18.5 (16.5, 20.7)

417

17.9 (16.2, 19.7)

 

 3–5

480

12.5 (11.4, 13.8)

197

11.6 (9.9, 13.5)

283

13.3 (11.8, 15.1)

 

Major depressive episode

 Yes

521

13.7 (12.5, 15.0)

156

9.0 (7.5, 10.8)

365

17.8 (16.0, 19.7)

 

 No

3823

86.3 (85.0, 87.5)

1853

91.0 (89.2, 92.5)

1970

82.2 (80.3, 84.0)

<.001

Anxiety disorder

 Yes

372

10.0 (8.9, 11.1)

97

6.1 (4.8, 7.7)

275

13.2 (11.7, 14.9)

 

 No

3972

90.0 (88.9, 91.1)

1912

93.9 (92.3, 95.2)

2060

86.8 (85.1, 88.3)

<.001

  1. Note: SED = socioeconomic disadvantage, ACE = adverse childhood experience; MIDUS = Midlife in the United States study
  2. aNo. and % (95% CI) = unweighted n and weighted percentages (95% CI) of sample. Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. Participants were missing data on covariates as follows: race (24 cases, 8 males and 16 females), childhood socioeconomic disadvantage score (7 cases, 4 males and 3 females), and current socioeconomic disadvantage score (40 cases, 20 males and 20 females)
  3. bP value is for chi-square test assessing differences between males and females in the weighted proportion of participants at each level of a participant characteristic
  4. cThe combined sample mean (SD) = 54.1 (13.8) years
  5. dScore based on 4 variables (highest level of education, perceived financial situation, enough money to meet needs, and difficulty paying monthly bills). Higher score (possible range 0–8) is more disadvantage
  6. eScore based on 3 variables (welfare receipt and duration, financial status relative to others, and parental education). Higher score (possible range 0–6) is more disadvantage
  7. fScore based on exposure to 5 categories of adverse childhood experiences (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental separation or divorce, and household alcohol or substance abuse)
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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