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Table 3 Proportion of severe under-5 child undernutrition in urban-rural context with respective to different socioeconomic characteristics

From: Urban-rural differences in the associated factors of severe under-5 child undernutrition based on the composite index of severe anthropometric failure (CISAF) in Bangladesh

Characteristics

Rural

Urban

Number

Prevalence (95% CI)

Number

Prevalence (95% CI)

Maternal age (years)

 15–19

85

11.5 (9.2, 14.2)

36

13.2 (8.9, 19.1)

 20–24

201

10.5 (8.9, 12.3)

77

9.5 (6.9, 12.9)

 25–29

176

12.3 (10.4, 14.5)

68

7.9 (6.0, 10.4)

 30–34

103

12.4 (9.9, 15.5)

41

8.6 (5.8, 12.6)

 34–39

35

11.0 (7.9, 15.1)

84

13.9 (8.8, 21.1)

 ≥ 40

9

11.8 (6.1, 21.7)

7

9.8 (3.8, 23.1)

 

χ2 = 3.58, p = 0.669

χ2 = 11.09, p = 0.186

Parents’ education

 Both parents uneducated

42

21.5 (15.7, 28.8)

23

25.9 (17.2, 36.9)

 Only father uneducated

113

16.9 (13.7, 20.5)

28

13.9 (9.0, 21.0)

 Only mother uneducated

35

21.8 (15.5, 29.6)

11

12.0 (6.1, 22.1)

 Both parents educated

419

9.8 (11.3, 14.9)

194

8.4 (6.9, 10.2)

 

χ2 = 64.76, p < 0.001

χ2 = 37.89, p < 0.001

Mother’s income-earning status

 Not working

321

10.7 (9.2, 12.3)

166

8.8 (7.1, 10.8)

 Currently working

288

12.6 (11.1, 14.2)

90

11.4 (8.9, 14.6)

 

χ2 = 4.40, p = 0.080

χ2 = 4.52, p = 0.060

Underweight mother

 No

468

10.5 (9.4, 11.8)

201

8.9 (7.3, 10.7)

 Yes

141

17.1 (14.4, 20.2)

55

15.4 (11.1, 21.0)

 

χ2 = 26.99, p < 0.001

χ2 = 12.99, p = 0.001

Mothers received antenatal care

 No

49

17.8 (13.1, 23.8)

17

20.9 (11.8, 34.3)

 Yes

325

11.2 (9.9, 12.5)

147

9.9 (8.1, 12.0)

 

χ2 = 10.35, p = 0.003

χ2 = 10.12, p = 0.012

Mothers received postnatal care

 No

92

9.5 (7.6, 11.9)

40

5.9 (4.0, 8.8)

 Yes

282

12.9 (11.4, 14.6)

123

13.1 (10.3, 16.5)

 

χ2 = 7.30, p = 0.015

χ2 = 19.57, p = 0.001

Mother’s attitudes toward wife-beating

 Not justified

458

10.9 (9.7, 12.2)

220

9.7 (8.0, 11.7)

 Justified

151

13.9 (11.5, 16.6)

36

9.1 (5.8, 14.0)

χ2 = 7.10, p = 0.020

χ2 = 0.14, p = 0.775

Mothers’ decision-making autonomya

 Not participated

96

11.3 (9.2, 13.8)

36

11.0 (7.8, 15.3)

 Participated

513

11.5 (10.3, 12.9)

220

9.4 (7.7, 11.4)

 

χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.865

χ2 = 0.78, p = 0.390

Religion

 Islam

557

11.5 (10.4, 12.8)

236

9.7 (8.0, 11.7)

 Others

52

11.0 (8.5, 14.2)

20

8.5 (4.6, 15.1)

 

χ2 = 0.12, p = 0.726

χ2 = 0.28, p = 0.676

Source of drinking water

 Improved

532

11.8 (10.6, 13.1)

229

9.6 (8.0, 11.6)

 Unimproved

77

9.6 (7.5, 12.1)

27

9.3 (15.0, 20.7)

 

χ2 = 3.03, p = 0.102

χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.862

Cooking fuel

 Clean fuel

82

8.6 (6.6, 11.1)

95

7.9 (6.2, 10.1)

 Solid fuel

527

12.2 (10.9, 13.5)

161

12.1 (9.7, 15.1)

 

χ2 = 9.98, p = 0.011

χ2 = 12.99, p = 0.005

Type of toilet facility

 Improved

272

10.2 (8.8, 11.7)

146

8.4 (6.8, 10.5)

 Unimproved

337

13.0 (11.5, 14.6)

110

12.0 (8.9, 16.0)

 

χ2 = 9.73, p = 0.004

χ2 = 8.35, p = 0.057

Mass media exposureb

 No

328

14.6 (12.7, 16.7)

82

15.4 (10.8, 21.4)

 Yes

281

9.3 (8.2, 10.7)

174

8.3 (7.0, 9.8)

 

χ2 = 33.16, p < 0.001

χ2 = 23.01, p = 0.008

Wealth indexc

 Poorest

234

16.1 (14.0, 18.4)

50

18.7 (11.7, 28.7)

 Poorer

178

12.8 (10.9, 15.1)

40

16.1 (11.6, 22.1)

 Middle

98

9.2 (7.3, 11.6)

41

10.6 (7.2, 15.4)

 Richer

75

8.9 (6.8, 11.6)

63

9.7 (7.1, 13.1)

 Richest

24

5.0 (3.1, 8.1)

62

6.4 (4.9, 8.3)

 

χ2 = 60.34, p < 0.001

χ2 = 44.82, p = < 0.001

Children age

 0–11 months

95

8.1 (6.6, 10.0)

53

7.5 (5.0, 11.0)

 12–23 months

153

13.4 (11.3, 15.8)

56

10.4 (7.6, 14.1)

 24–35 months

155

15.2 (12.8, 17.9)

62

14.2 (10.8, 18.6)

 36–47 months

102

10.8 (8.6, 13.5)

41

8.2 (5.6, 12.0)

 48–59 months

104

10.1 (8.1, 12.6)

44

7.9 (5.5, 11.3)

 

χ2 = 31.49, p < 0.001

χ2 = 18.48, p = 0.013

Sex of child

 Male

326

11.4 (10.1, 12.9)

137

10.5 (8.5, 12.8)

 Female

283

11.6 (10.0, 13.4)

119

8.7 (6.8, 11.1)

 

χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.871

χ2 = 2.29, p = 0.159

Birth order

 First

197

10.1 (8.6, 11.8)

84

8.3 (6.4, 10.9)

 Second

184

10.7 (9.1, 12.4)

83

8.7 (6.5, 11.7)

 Third

114

12.3 (10.1, 14.8)

41

9.3 (6.5, 13.0)

 Fourth and above

114

16.2 (12.8, 20.3)

48

18.9 (14.1, 24.8)

 

χ2 = 19.99, p = 0.001

χ2 = 27.42, p = 0.002

Small birth weightd

 No

74

6.6 (5.2, 8.4)

47

6.6 (4.8, 9.0)

 Yes

32

18.3 (12.8, 25.3)

29

18.3 (11.8, 27.1)

 

χ2 = 48.54, p < 0.001

χ2 = 29.06, p = 0.003

Recent morbidity statuse

 No

112

11.2 (9.8, 12.7)

147

10.4 (8.4, 12.9)

 Yes

297

11.8 (10.4, 13.5)

109

8.7 (6.7, 11.1)

 

χ2 = 0.53, p = 0.495

χ2 = 2.32, p = 0.206

Total

609

11.5 (10.4, 12.7)

256

9.6 (8.0, 11.5)

  1. adefined as women’s decision-making power relative to their male partners
  2. bexposure to either radio, television, newspapers, or magazines at least once a week
  3. cintegrating household asset ownership and access to drinking water and sanitation
  4. dchild’s size and weight at birth based on a mother’s perception
  5. echild had at least one morbid condition out of diarrhea, fever and cough in the 2 weeks preceding the survey
  6. p values are obtained from Chi-square estimation
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