|
Characteristics
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
|---|
|
Number
|
Prevalence (95% CI)
|
Number
|
Prevalence (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Maternal age (years)
|
|
15–19
|
85
|
11.5 (9.2, 14.2)
|
36
|
13.2 (8.9, 19.1)
|
|
20–24
|
201
|
10.5 (8.9, 12.3)
|
77
|
9.5 (6.9, 12.9)
|
|
25–29
|
176
|
12.3 (10.4, 14.5)
|
68
|
7.9 (6.0, 10.4)
|
|
30–34
|
103
|
12.4 (9.9, 15.5)
|
41
|
8.6 (5.8, 12.6)
|
|
34–39
|
35
|
11.0 (7.9, 15.1)
|
84
|
13.9 (8.8, 21.1)
|
|
≥ 40
|
9
|
11.8 (6.1, 21.7)
|
7
|
9.8 (3.8, 23.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 3.58, p = 0.669
|
χ2 = 11.09, p = 0.186
|
|
Parents’ education
|
|
Both parents uneducated
|
42
|
21.5 (15.7, 28.8)
|
23
|
25.9 (17.2, 36.9)
|
|
Only father uneducated
|
113
|
16.9 (13.7, 20.5)
|
28
|
13.9 (9.0, 21.0)
|
|
Only mother uneducated
|
35
|
21.8 (15.5, 29.6)
|
11
|
12.0 (6.1, 22.1)
|
|
Both parents educated
|
419
|
9.8 (11.3, 14.9)
|
194
|
8.4 (6.9, 10.2)
|
| |
χ2 = 64.76, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 37.89, p < 0.001
|
|
Mother’s income-earning status
|
|
Not working
|
321
|
10.7 (9.2, 12.3)
|
166
|
8.8 (7.1, 10.8)
|
|
Currently working
|
288
|
12.6 (11.1, 14.2)
|
90
|
11.4 (8.9, 14.6)
|
| |
χ2 = 4.40, p = 0.080
|
χ2 = 4.52, p = 0.060
|
|
Underweight mother
|
|
No
|
468
|
10.5 (9.4, 11.8)
|
201
|
8.9 (7.3, 10.7)
|
|
Yes
|
141
|
17.1 (14.4, 20.2)
|
55
|
15.4 (11.1, 21.0)
|
| |
χ2 = 26.99, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 12.99, p = 0.001
|
|
Mothers received antenatal care
|
|
No
|
49
|
17.8 (13.1, 23.8)
|
17
|
20.9 (11.8, 34.3)
|
|
Yes
|
325
|
11.2 (9.9, 12.5)
|
147
|
9.9 (8.1, 12.0)
|
| |
χ2 = 10.35, p = 0.003
|
χ2 = 10.12, p = 0.012
|
|
Mothers received postnatal care
|
|
No
|
92
|
9.5 (7.6, 11.9)
|
40
|
5.9 (4.0, 8.8)
|
|
Yes
|
282
|
12.9 (11.4, 14.6)
|
123
|
13.1 (10.3, 16.5)
|
| |
χ2 = 7.30, p = 0.015
|
χ2 = 19.57, p = 0.001
|
|
Mother’s attitudes toward wife-beating
|
|
Not justified
|
458
|
10.9 (9.7, 12.2)
|
220
|
9.7 (8.0, 11.7)
|
|
Justified
|
151
|
13.9 (11.5, 16.6)
|
36
|
9.1 (5.8, 14.0)
|
|
χ2 = 7.10, p = 0.020
|
χ2 = 0.14, p = 0.775
|
|
Mothers’ decision-making autonomya
|
|
Not participated
|
96
|
11.3 (9.2, 13.8)
|
36
|
11.0 (7.8, 15.3)
|
|
Participated
|
513
|
11.5 (10.3, 12.9)
|
220
|
9.4 (7.7, 11.4)
|
| |
χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.865
|
χ2 = 0.78, p = 0.390
|
|
Religion
|
|
Islam
|
557
|
11.5 (10.4, 12.8)
|
236
|
9.7 (8.0, 11.7)
|
|
Others
|
52
|
11.0 (8.5, 14.2)
|
20
|
8.5 (4.6, 15.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 0.12, p = 0.726
|
χ2 = 0.28, p = 0.676
|
|
Source of drinking water
|
|
Improved
|
532
|
11.8 (10.6, 13.1)
|
229
|
9.6 (8.0, 11.6)
|
|
Unimproved
|
77
|
9.6 (7.5, 12.1)
|
27
|
9.3 (15.0, 20.7)
|
| |
χ2 = 3.03, p = 0.102
|
χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.862
|
|
Cooking fuel
|
|
Clean fuel
|
82
|
8.6 (6.6, 11.1)
|
95
|
7.9 (6.2, 10.1)
|
|
Solid fuel
|
527
|
12.2 (10.9, 13.5)
|
161
|
12.1 (9.7, 15.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 9.98, p = 0.011
|
χ2 = 12.99, p = 0.005
|
|
Type of toilet facility
|
|
Improved
|
272
|
10.2 (8.8, 11.7)
|
146
|
8.4 (6.8, 10.5)
|
|
Unimproved
|
337
|
13.0 (11.5, 14.6)
|
110
|
12.0 (8.9, 16.0)
|
| |
χ2 = 9.73, p = 0.004
|
χ2 = 8.35, p = 0.057
|
|
Mass media exposureb
|
|
No
|
328
|
14.6 (12.7, 16.7)
|
82
|
15.4 (10.8, 21.4)
|
|
Yes
|
281
|
9.3 (8.2, 10.7)
|
174
|
8.3 (7.0, 9.8)
|
| |
χ2 = 33.16, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 23.01, p = 0.008
|
|
Wealth indexc
|
|
Poorest
|
234
|
16.1 (14.0, 18.4)
|
50
|
18.7 (11.7, 28.7)
|
|
Poorer
|
178
|
12.8 (10.9, 15.1)
|
40
|
16.1 (11.6, 22.1)
|
|
Middle
|
98
|
9.2 (7.3, 11.6)
|
41
|
10.6 (7.2, 15.4)
|
|
Richer
|
75
|
8.9 (6.8, 11.6)
|
63
|
9.7 (7.1, 13.1)
|
|
Richest
|
24
|
5.0 (3.1, 8.1)
|
62
|
6.4 (4.9, 8.3)
|
| |
χ2 = 60.34, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 44.82, p = < 0.001
|
|
Children age
|
|
0–11 months
|
95
|
8.1 (6.6, 10.0)
|
53
|
7.5 (5.0, 11.0)
|
|
12–23 months
|
153
|
13.4 (11.3, 15.8)
|
56
|
10.4 (7.6, 14.1)
|
|
24–35 months
|
155
|
15.2 (12.8, 17.9)
|
62
|
14.2 (10.8, 18.6)
|
|
36–47 months
|
102
|
10.8 (8.6, 13.5)
|
41
|
8.2 (5.6, 12.0)
|
|
48–59 months
|
104
|
10.1 (8.1, 12.6)
|
44
|
7.9 (5.5, 11.3)
|
| |
χ2 = 31.49, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 18.48, p = 0.013
|
|
Sex of child
|
|
Male
|
326
|
11.4 (10.1, 12.9)
|
137
|
10.5 (8.5, 12.8)
|
|
Female
|
283
|
11.6 (10.0, 13.4)
|
119
|
8.7 (6.8, 11.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 0.03, p = 0.871
|
χ2 = 2.29, p = 0.159
|
|
Birth order
|
|
First
|
197
|
10.1 (8.6, 11.8)
|
84
|
8.3 (6.4, 10.9)
|
|
Second
|
184
|
10.7 (9.1, 12.4)
|
83
|
8.7 (6.5, 11.7)
|
|
Third
|
114
|
12.3 (10.1, 14.8)
|
41
|
9.3 (6.5, 13.0)
|
|
Fourth and above
|
114
|
16.2 (12.8, 20.3)
|
48
|
18.9 (14.1, 24.8)
|
| |
χ2 = 19.99, p = 0.001
|
χ2 = 27.42, p = 0.002
|
|
Small birth weightd
|
|
No
|
74
|
6.6 (5.2, 8.4)
|
47
|
6.6 (4.8, 9.0)
|
|
Yes
|
32
|
18.3 (12.8, 25.3)
|
29
|
18.3 (11.8, 27.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 48.54, p < 0.001
|
χ2 = 29.06, p = 0.003
|
|
Recent morbidity statuse
|
|
No
|
112
|
11.2 (9.8, 12.7)
|
147
|
10.4 (8.4, 12.9)
|
|
Yes
|
297
|
11.8 (10.4, 13.5)
|
109
|
8.7 (6.7, 11.1)
|
| |
χ2 = 0.53, p = 0.495
|
χ2 = 2.32, p = 0.206
|
|
Total
|
609
|
11.5 (10.4, 12.7)
|
256
|
9.6 (8.0, 11.5)
|
- adefined as women’s decision-making power relative to their male partners
- bexposure to either radio, television, newspapers, or magazines at least once a week
- cintegrating household asset ownership and access to drinking water and sanitation
- dchild’s size and weight at birth based on a mother’s perception
- echild had at least one morbid condition out of diarrhea, fever and cough in the 2 weeks preceding the survey
- p values are obtained from Chi-square estimation
