Loneliness and mental health among the elderly in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

Dziedzic, Beata; Idzik, Anna; Kobos, Ewa; Sienkiewicz, Zofia; Kryczka, Tomasz; Fidecki, Wiesław; Wysokiński, Mariusz

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12029-4

BMC Public Health

Table 3 HADS-M and R-UCLA scores with regard to health self-rating and chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Loneliness and mental health among the elderly in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

Parameter	N	%	Depression		HADS-M H/Z	Loneliness		R-UCLA H/Z
Parameter	N	%	M	SD	HADS-M H/Z	M	SD	R-UCLA H/Z
Subjective rating of physical health during the pandemic
It has definitely improved	5	2.26	12.60	14.64	H = 23.68 p = 0.001	36.60	12.62	H = 8.57 p = 0.072
It has somewhat improved	15	6.79	13.87	10.36		37.33	8.99
It has not changed	159	71.94	11.45	8.36		37.70	9.64
It has somewhat deteriorated	39	17.65	19.85	10.76		43.00	10.56
It has definitely deteriorated	3	1.36	25.00	13.00		40.00	11.78
Subjective rating of mental health during the pandemic
It has definitely improved	6	2.62	7.20	12.34	H = 63.55 p = 0.001	32.60	12.38	H = 23.21 p = 0.001
It has somewhat improved	7	3.27	15.75	10.74		41.25	7.81
It has not changed	164	74.21	10.39	7.09		37.23	9.20
It has somewhat deteriorated	38	17.19	23.61	8.50		43.16	10.68
It has definitely deteriorated	6	2.71	34.20	12.36		55.20	3.56
Cardiovascular diseases
No	113	51.13	14.13	10.66	Z = 0.73 p = 0.462	38.81	10.37	Z = −0.08 p = 0.933
Yes	108	48.87	12.50	8.70	Z = 0.73 p = 0.462	38.53	9.62	Z = −0.08 p = 0.933
Respiratory illnesses
No	189	85.52	13.01	6.33	Z = − 0.86 p = 0.383	38.49	10.15	Z = − 0.86 p = 0.392
Yes	32	14.48	15.03	11.11	Z = − 0.86 p = 0.383	39.71	8.91	Z = − 0.86 p = 0.392
Endocrinological conditions
No	178	80.54	12.46	9.30	Z = −2.46 p = 0.013	38.02	10.03	Z = −2.29 p = 0.021
Yes	43	19.46	16.81	10.72	Z = −2.46 p = 0.013	41.35	9.36	Z = −2.29 p = 0.021
Cancer
No	211	95.47	13.36	9.75	Z = 0.44 p = 0.659	38.97	10.04	Z = 0.88 p = 0.379
Yes	10	4.53	12.10	9.49	Z = 0.44 p = 0.659	35.90	8.29	Z = 0.88 p = 0.379
Kidney disease
No	211	95.02	13.12	9.63	Z = −2.09 p = 0.037	38.33	9.85	Z = − 2.00 p = 0.044
Yes	11	4.98	16.73	11.22	Z = −2.09 p = 0.037	45.09	10.63	Z = − 2.00 p = 0.044
Mental disorders
No	214	96.83	12.71	9.16	Z = −3.69 p = 0.001	38.31	9.82	Z = −2.83 p = 0.004
Yes	7	3.17	31.29	9.83	Z = −3.69 p = 0.001	49.57	8.30	Z = −2.83 p = 0.004

H – Kruskal-Wallis test; Z – Mann–Whitney U-test; p – statistical significance

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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