Table 1 Characteristics of infants living with or without fathers
From: Exclusive breastfeeding in rural Western China: does father’s co-residence matter?
Characteristics | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample n1 = 452 No.(%) or Mean(SD) | Living with father n2 = 242 No.(%) or Mean(SD) | Living without father n3 = 210 No.(%) or Mean(SD) | P-value | |
Infants’ characteristics | ||||
Infants’ age (day) a | 94.0 (±51.2) | 86.5 (±55.7) | 102.4 (±44.1) | 0.001 |
Male | 239 (52.9%) | 124 (51.2%) | 115 (54.8%) | 0.456 |
Caesarean section | 200 (44.4%) | 106 (44.0%) | 94 (45.0%) | 0.838 |
Small for gestational age | 25 (5.6%) | 17 (7.1%) | 8 (3.8%) | 0.136 |
Preterm | 24 (5.3%) | 15 (6.2%) | 9 (4.3%) | 0.367 |
Maternal and family characteristics | ||||
Maternal age a | 28.3 (±4.63) | 28.5 (±5.00) | 28.0(±4.23) | 0.278 |
Maternal education | 0.008 | |||
Primary school and below | 102 (22.7%) | 66 (27.4%) | 36 (17.2%) | |
Junior high school | 228 (50.2%) | 108 (44.6) | 120 (57.1%) | |
Senior high school and above | 122 (27.1%) | 68 (28.2%) | 54 (25.8%) | |
Maternal nutrition and health knowledge a | 4.48 (±1.45) | 4.33 (±1.41) | 4.66 (±1.49) | 0.020 |
Number of siblings | 0.031 | |||
0 | 165 (36.5%) | 74 (30.6%) | 91 (43.3%) | |
1 | 255 (56.4%) | 151 (62.4%) | 104 (49.5%) | |
2 or more | 32 (7.1%) | 17 (7.02%) | 15 (7.15%) | |
Family asset index a | −0.005 (±1.06) | 0.049 (±1.09) | − 0.068 (±1.02) | 0.242 |
Dependent and independent variables | ||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 72 (15.9%) | 26 (10.7%) | 46 (21.9%) | 0.001 |
Father functions as secondary caregiver | 97 (21.5%) | 97 (40.2%) | 0 | < 0.001 |
Grandmother functions as secondary caregiver | 242 (53.5%) | 108 (44.6%) | 134 (63.8%) | < 0.001 |
Breastfeeding family support | ||||
Practical support a | 3.89 (±0.70) | 3.94 (±0.66) | 3.83 (±0.74) | 0.106 |
Emotional support a | 3.57 (±0.40) | 3.57 (±0.40) | 3.57 (±0.41) | 0.992 |
Index of maternal decision-making power a | 0.004 (±0.75) | −0.09 (±0.75) | 0.11 (±0.73) | 0.004 |