Table 2 Co-occurrence of data and potential relationships

1

Lack of knowledge about TB disease AND delayed treatment

‘I ignored the signs for 6 months until I read about TB. After that, I decided to get a medical examination.’—MDR-TB patient, 33 years old

Lack of knowledge about TB disease is a cause of delayed treatment

2

Lack of knowledge about TB treatment AND inappropriate medicine use AND non-adherence

’Because I felt my symptom was lessen using the previously prescribed medicines, I decided to keep the packaging of the medicines. Whenever I experience the same symptoms, I bought package and buy the medicines directly.’—TB patient, 33 years old.

Lack of knowledge about TB treatment is a cause of inappropriate medicine use and non-adherence

3

Lack of knowledge about TB program AND Financial problems

‘Initially, treatment lasted for 6 months and was mandatory. However, I stopped the medicine because I did not know that the healthcare service was free of charge. I stopped the treatment because of the cost.’—TB patient, 33 years old.

Lak of knowledge is a cause of financial problems

4

Lack of knowledge about TB program AND Negative perception of public health service AND financial problem

‘There are rich people who do not want to go to CHC because they assume that free of charge medicines have poor quality.’—TB coordinator, 43 years old.

‘I asked my husband to visit the nearest CHC, but he said no, because of the long queue of patients.’—wife of TB patient, 45 years old.

Lack of knowledge about TB programs is a cause of negative perception about the public health service and financial problems

5

Lack of knowledge about TB disease and treatment AND negative perception of self-condition

‘I have felt in that position, and I felt tired. It was better to die.’—TB activist, 32 years old.

Lack of knowledge about TB disease and treatment is a cause of the negative perception of self-condition and psychological problems

6

Distance to health facility AND financial problems AND inaccessible qualified TB care

‘The distance from my home to this Puskesmas (community health service) is long. I cannot afford the cost of a taxi bike every day.’—TB patient 33 years old.

Long distance to a public health facility is cause of financial problems and inaccessibility to a qualified TB care

7

Stigmatisation AND isolation/discrimination AND lack of family support

‘My wife assumed that I could not be cured because of the disease severity. That is why she left me.’—MDR-TB patient, 29 years old.

‘There was a man who rejected his wife due to TB, which may have been incited by his family. The wife was expelled by her mother-in-law, and she was finally divorced.’—TB activist, 32 years old.

Stigmatisation is a cause of isolation/discrimination and low family support

8

Negative perception of self-condition AND inaccessible qualified TB care

‘Sometimes, I feel inferior and shy for going to CHC because of my disease.’—TB patient, 33 years old, male.

A negative perception of the self-condition is cause of inaccessible qualified TB care

9

Household income AND Financial problems AND Unsuccessful TB treatment

‘MDR-TB patients, especially men, face extraordinary challenges. As head of the family, they should be the backbone of family income. Although we educated them, most patients had a defaulted treatment’—TB nurse, 31 years old.

Low household income due to TB is a cause of financial problems and unsuccessful treatment

10

Adverse drug reaction AND psychological problems

‘I felt a headache, dizziness, flying and I hallucinated buying a car. It was like a crazy person.’—MDR-TB patient, 16 years old.

ADR is a cause of psychological problems

11

Adverse drug reaction AND non-adherence and non-persistence

‘A patient said that ‘I was treated in my village’, but TB treatment only lasted for 1 week because the patient experienced itchiness. The patient then continued treatment using herbal medicies’—CHC’s GP, 39 years old.

ADR is a cause of non-adherence/persistence