Table 4 Adjusted effects of being a motorcyclist versus vehicle occupant or a motorcyclist versus bicyclist on work, pain, quality of life and psychological outcomes

Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Interaction p value *

In paid work

1.5 (1.1, 2.1)

0.009^a

1.4 (1.02, 2.1)

0.06

0.7

Baseline

12 months

Outcome

Estimated mean difference (95% CI)

P value

Estimated mean difference (95% CI)

P value

Interaction p value *

SF12 PCS

−5.21 (−6.46, −3.96)

< 0.0001^a

2.07 (0.77, 3.36)

0.002^a

< 0.0001^a

SF12 MCS

2.49 (1.27, 3.71)

< 0.0001

1.01 (−0.29, 2.32)

0.12

0.03^a

EQ 5D summary score

−0.09 (−0.13, −0.05)

< 0.0001^a

0.03 (−0.01, 0.06)

0.09

< 0.0001^a

Numeric pain scale

0.24 (−0.05, 0.54)

0.1

−0.51 (−0.83, − 0.2)

0.001^a

< 0.0001^a

DASS21 total score

−3.73 (−5.31, −2.15)

< 0.0001

−2.4 (−4.1, − 0.7)

0.005

0.07

IES-R total score

−1.31 (−1.65, − 0.98)

< 0.0001^a

− 0.77 (−1.13, − 0.42)

< 0.0001

0.0002^a

Pain catastrophising scale

−2.76 (−4.27, −1.25)

0.0003^a

− 3.26 (− 4.89, −1.63)

< 0.001^a

0.5

Pre-injury

12 months

Outcome

Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Estimated odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Interaction p value *

In paid work

1.4 (0.88, 2.2)

0.15

0.95 (0.55, 1.7)

0.8

0.14

Baseline

12 months

Outcome

Estimated mean difference (95% CI)

P value

Estimated mean difference (95% CI)

P value

Interaction p value *

SF12 PCS

−2.61 (−4.23, −0.99)

0.002^a

−2.33 (−3.90, − 0.76)

0.004

0.7

SF12 MCS

−0.99 (−2.56, 0.58)

0.2

−0.97 (− 2.55, 0.61)

0.2

0.9

EQ 5D summary score

−0.08 (− 0.13, − 0.02)

0.002

−0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03)

0.4

0.014^a

Numeric pain scale

0.27 (−0.11, 0.65)

0.16

0.47 (0.09, 0.84)

0.014

0.3

DASS21 total score

1.03 (−0.99, 3.06)

0.3

1.47 (0.6, 3.54)

0.16

0.6

IES-R total score

−0.11 (− 0.31, 0.54)

0.6

0.35 (− 0.08, 0.78)

0.1

0.2

Pain catastrophising scale

−0.92 (−1.03, 2.86)

0.3

1.72 (−0.25, 3.71)

0.08

0.4