Table 3 Descriptive statistics for return to work, pain, quality of life, and psychological outcome measures over a 12-month period in motorcyclists versus vehicle occupants, then motorcyclists versus bicyclists
|  | Pre-Injury* N (%) | Baseline post-injury N (%)* | 6 months N (%)** | 12 months N (%)*** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Return to work (among paid workers pre-injury) | ||||
 Motorcyclists: |  | – | 368 (90.2) £ | 302 (90.2) £ |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | – | 341 (84.4) £ | 281 (86.7) £ |
 p value |  |  | 0.01 | 0.17 |
 vs Bicyclists |  | – | 209 (94.6) £ | 186 (94.9) £ |
 p value | 0.6 |  | 0.057 | 0.053 |
Any pain | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | Not available | 561 (89.3) | 324 (66.8) | 227 (58.1) |
 vs Vehicle occupants | Not available | 773 (83.4) | 408 (66.0) | 309 (63.2) |
 p value |  | 0.001 | 0.9 | 0.12 |
 vs Bicyclists | Not available | 270 (90.3) | 152 (58.4) | 89 (38.9) |
 p value |  | 0.6 | 0.08 | < 0.0001 |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
EQ-5D-3L VAS | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | 86.3 (12.4) | Not available | 79.6 (14.6) | 80.8 (14.9) |
 vs Vehicle occupants | 84.5 (13.9) | Not available | 75.1 (18.8) | 75.8 (19.0) |
 p value | 0.01 |  | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 vs Bicyclists | 86.8 (10.4) | Not available | 82.4 (13.1) | 83.0 (13.9) |
 p value | 0.5 |  | 0.03 | 0.11 |
EQ-5D-3L TTO€ summary score | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | 0.94 (0.12) | 0.36 (0.37) | 0.80 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.22) |
 vs Vehicle occupants | 0.91 (0.15) | 0.42 (0.38) | 0.73 (0.30) | 0.78 (0.28) |
 p value | < 0.0001 | 0.004 | < 0.0001 | 0.0009 |
 vs Bicyclists | 0.95 (0.10) | 0.47 (0.33) | 0.86 (0.20) | 0.89 (0.19) |
 p value | 0.4 | < 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
SF12-PCS | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | Not available | 31.9 (10.9) | 47.0 (10.1) | 48.9 (9.7) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 36.3 (11.9) | 45.3 (11.2) | 46.0 (11.2) |
 p value |  | < 0.0001 | 0.008 | < 0.0001 |
 vs Bicyclists | Not available | 35.6 (11.0) | 50.7 (8.1) | 52.3 (7.0) |
 p value |  | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
SF12-MCS | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | Not available | 51.0 (11.8) | 53.8 (9.5) | 53.3 (9.8) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 46.8 (12.1) | 49.8 (11.6) | 51.0 (10.5) |
 p value |  | < 0.001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0006 |
 vs Bicyclists | Not available | 52.3 (10.2) | 53.2 (9.6) | 54.8 (8.3) |
 p value |  | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.07 |
IES-R total | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | Not available | 2.85 (2.74) | 1.84 (2.50) | 1.71 (2.58) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 4.5 (3.4) | 3.1 (3.2) | 2.5 (3.1) |
 p value |  | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 vs Bicyclists | Not available | 2.49 (2.24) | 1.52 (2.13) | 1.06 (1.78) |
 p value |  | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.004 |
DASS21 total | ||||
 Motorcyclists: | Not available | 10.2 (12.6) | 7.8 (12.2) | 7.6 (12.6) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 15.5 (16.8) | 13.1 (16.5) | 10.3 (14.7) |
 p value |  | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.002 |
 vs Bicyclists | Not available | 8.0 (10.3) | 6.7 (11.1) | 4.8 (9.0) |
 p value |  | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.01 |
Pain scale& | ||||
 Motorcyclists: |  | 4.3 (2.5) | 2.1 (2.2) | 1.8 (2.2) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 4.4 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.9) | 2.6 (2.7) |
 p value |  | 0.4 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 vs Bicyclists |  | 3.7 (2.4) | 1.6 (2.0) | 1.0 (1.7) |
 p value |  | 0.003 | 0.01 | < 0.0001 |
Pain catastrophizing scale& | ||||
 Motorcyclists: |  | 12.0 (12.6) | 7.3 (11.1) | 6.6 (11.7) |
 vs Vehicle occupants |  | 15.9 (15.2) | 12.4 (15.3) | 10.2 (13.9) |
 p value |  | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
 vs Bicyclists |  | 9.7 (10.6) | 5.7 (9.6) | 3.4 (7.8) |
 p value |  | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.002 |