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Table 4 Comparisons of mean scores for the HBM constructs, and preventive behaviors across demographic variables

From: Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran

 

Perceived susceptibility

Perceived severity

Benefit

Barrier

Internal Cues to action

External Cues to action

behavior

Age

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

M ± SD

 15–29

21.2 ± 5.5

18.5 ± 5.2

16.4 ± 3.2

14.0 ± 5.1

15.8 ± 4.2

16.0 ± 3.3

30.8 ± 5.1

 30–49

21.0 ± 5.2

19.5 ± 4.3

17.2 ± 3.2

13.4 ± 5.6

16.5 ± 3.2

17.1 ± 2.9

32.0 ± 4.1

 50–69

21.7 ± 5.0

19.7 ± 6.2

17.1 ± 3.9

15.2 ± 5.1

15.8 ± 3.3

16.5 ± 3.0

31.4 ± 4.2

  ≥ 70

22.2 ± 6.4

19.0 ± 2.1

16.7 ± 2.4

13.6 ± 5.0

16.6 ± 2.2

16.5 ± 3.1

33.6 ± 3.1

P value (derived from ANOVA)

0.63

0.022

0.005

0.01

0.03

0.001

0.007

Gender

 Male

21.4 ± 5.2

19.8 ± 5.7

17.0 ± 3.2

14.1 ± 5.4

16.2 ± 3.2

16.7 ± 3.0

31.2 ± 4.5

 Female

21.0 ± 5.2

18.8 ± 4.6

16.8 ± 3.4

13.3 ± 5.2

16.2 ± 3.8

16.7 ± 3.1

31.9 ± 4.4

P value (derived from t test)

0.29

0.001

0.31

0.02

0.91

0.90

0.02

Education

 University

19.8 ± 5.0

19.1 ± 3.9

17.5 ± 3.0

12.2 ± 5.2

16.7 ± 4.0

17.2 ± 2.9

32.2 ± 3.5

 High school

20.9 ± 4.8

19.0 ± 5.1

16.9 ± 3.0

13.6 ± 5.3

16.1 ± 3.5

16.7 ± 3.1

31.7 ± 4.7

 Secondary school

23.0 ± 6.1

19.7 ± 5.7

16.5 ± 3.9

15.2 ± 5.5

15.6 ± 3.4

16.2 ± 3.2

31.2 ± 4.6

 Primary school

24.0 ± 4.5

19.3 ± 3.8

16.5 ± 3.0

16.0 ± 4.9

15.7 ± 2.7

15.8 ± 2.5

29.5 ± 5.1

P value (derived from ANOVA)

0.001

0.163

0.001

0.001

0.01

0.001

0.001

Marital status

 Married

23.1 ± 7.0

19.6 ± 4.8

17.1 ± 3.2

13.1 ± 5.3

16.3 ± 3.3

15.8 ± 3.5

32.2 ± 4.0

 Divorced or widowed

23.5 ± 7.1

17.9 ± 4.5

15.9 ± 2.9

14.8 ± 5.1

15.6 ± 3.1

17.1 ± 3.0

30.1 ± 5.7

Single

21.6 ± 6.5

18.1 ± 4.4

16.4 ± 3.4

14.3 ± 5.0

15.7 ± 4.5

15.9 ± 3.2

30.3 ± 5.3

 P value (derived from ANOVA)

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.001

0.001

0.001

Occupation

 housewife

21.7 ± 5.4

19.2 ± 4.5

16.6 ± 3.4

14.1 ± 5.1

16.0 ± 3.3

16.6 ± 2.9

31.9 ± 4.1

 worker

21.9 ± 4.9

19.8 ± 3.7

16.6 ± 3.3

15.2 ± 5.9

16.1 ± 3.7

16.4 ± 3.4

30.5 ± 5.3

 Employee

20.1 ± 4.5

18.9 ± 4.6

17.7 ± 3.1

11.9 ± 5.0

16.7 ± 3.3

17.2 ± 3.0

32.4 ± 3.8

 self-employment

21.1 ± 5.3

19.9 ± 7.5

16.7 ± 3.4

13.6 ± 5.5

15.9 ± 3.1

16.5 ± 3.0

31.3 ± 4.6

 Retired

21.8 ± 7.0

19.5 ± 4.7

16.6 ± 2.4

15.6 ± 5.5

16.7 ± 2.9

17.4 ± 3.3

31.2 ± 4.6

 workless

21.8 ± 5.4

19.6 ± 3.5

15.4 ± 3.2

16.3 ± 4.4

14.3 ± 2.1

14.0 ± 2.3

27.3 ± 6.0

P value (derived from ANOVA)

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

Chronic disease

 Yes

21.5 ± 5.4

19.1 ± 4.9

17.2 ± 3.0

14.1 ± 5.8

16.2 ± 3.6

16.7 ± 3.2

31.3 ± 4.5

 No

21.1 ± 5.2

19.6 ± 5.4

16.8 ± 3.2

13.5 ± 5.2

16.1 ± 3.7

16.8 ± 3.0

31.7 ± 4.3

P value (derived from t test)

0.44

0.223

0.15

0.26

0.90

0.89

0.21