Table 8 Multilevel analysis of factors associated with late adolescent girls’ under-nutrition in Ethiopia, from EDHS 2016 data source

1.

Adolescent age

15–17 years

34.30

65.70

1.00

1.00

18–19 years

18.90

81.10

0.42, (0.32–0.55) ***

0.43, (0.33–0.53) ***

2.

Religion:

Orthodox

31.19

68.81

1.00

1.00

Catholic

5.33

94.67

0.14, (0.03–0.73) *

0.23, (0.04–1.26)

Protestant

23.07

76.93

0.60, (0.41–0.89) *

1.14, (0.69–1.89)

Muslim

28.17

71.83

0.85, (0.64–1.13)

1.03, (0.70–1.51)

Others

51.68

48.32

1.72, (0.47–6.31)

3.56, (1.03–12.24)

3.

Late Adolescent girls’ educational status

No education

27.23

72.77

1.00

1.00

Primary

30.19

69.81

1.18, (0.81–1.72)

1.27 (0.87–1.84)

Secondary

21.12

78.88

0.91, (0.55–1.49)

0.89, (0.54–1.47)

Higher

40.35

59.65

4.07, (1.53–10.81) **

4.40, (1.64–11.76) **

4.

Marital status of adolescent girls

Never married

29.79

70.21

1.00

1.00

married

23.73

76.27

1.01, (0.65–1.59)

0.95, (0.61–1.48)

cohabited

10.57

89.43

0.35, (0.23–5.40)

0.43, (0 .03–5.76)

Widowed

41.52

58.48

2.53, (0.08–77.16)

1.44, (0.05–40.70)

Divorced

21.38

78.62

0.63, (0.27–1.52)

0.56, (0.23–1.36)

Separated

17.26

82.74

0.48, (0.12–1.85)

0.46, (0.12–1.75)

5.

Occupational status of adolescents

Not working

29.70

70.30

1.00

1.00

professional

43.51

56.49

2.33, (0.74–7.38)

2.37, (0.64–8.79)

clerical

23.67

76.33

1.08, (0.09–13.82)

1.03, (0.07–14.28)

sales

16.13

83.87

0.57, (0.37–0.88) *

0.60, (0.39–0.92) *

Agri. employee

31.49

68.51

0.82, (0.55–1.23)

0.79, (0.60–1.03)

services

24.47

75.53

0.66, (0.36–1.20)

0.73, (0.40–1.32)

skilled manual

17.89

82.11

0.52, (0.19–1.38)

0.54, (0.20–1.45)

Unskilled manual

43.03

56.97

1.55, (0.56–4.28)

1.42, (0.55–3.70)

Others

33.05

66.95

1.08, (0.60–1.96)

1.07, (0.60–1.90)

6.

Age of household head

15–24

19.03

80.97

1.00

1.00

25–34

24.22

75.78

1.20, (0.60–2.40)

1.25, (0.63–2.51)

35–44

35.34

64.66

1.79, (0.93–3.46)

1.85, (0.97–3.53)

45–59

30.05

69.95

1.31, (0.68–2.52)

1.31, (0.68–2.51)

≥60

25.49

74.51

1.16, (0.59–2.28)

1.20, (0.62–2.31)

7.

Number of under five children in household

no < 5 child

25.91

74.09

1.00

1.00

has at least one < 5 child

31.20

68.80

1.18, (0.85–1.66)

1.14, (0.81–1.58)

8.

Number of household members

1–2

21.91

78.09

1.00

1.00

3–5

26.88

73.12

0.82, (0.46–1.47)

0.86, (0.48–1.53)

6–7

29.39

70.61

0.87, (0.46–1.64)

0.87, (0.46–1.65)

≥7

31.10

68.90

0.91, (0.44–1.89)

0.91, (0.44–1.87)

9.

Time to get drinking water

<30 min

31.33

68.67

1.00

1.00

≥30 min

29.46

70.54

0.81, (0.59–1.11)

0.79, (0.58–1.09)

Water on premises

21.67

78.33

0.81, (0.45–1.49)

0.98, (0.53–1.82)

Others

29.00

71.00

0.60, (0.21–1.69)

0.50, (0.17–1.46)

10.

type of toilet facilities

Improved

20.67

79.33

1.00

1.00

Un-improved

29.61

70.39

1.75, (1.13–2.72) *

1.79, (1.15–2.79) *

Others

31.91

68.09

4.13, (0.85–21.21)

3.94 (0.65–23.95)

11.

frequency of listening to radio

Not at all

31.17

68.83

1.00

1.00

less than once a week

24.60

75.40

0.71, (0.51–0.99) *

0.74, (0.54–1.04)

at least once a week

21.44

78.56

0.64, (0.43–0.96) *

0.67 (0.45–0.99) *

12.

Wealth index

Poorest

32.46

67.54

1.00

1.00

Poorer

26.61

73.39

0.62, (0.39–1.00)

0.78, (0.47–1.29)

Middle

35.33

64.67

1.04, (0.66–1.64)

1.35, (0.83–2.19)

Richer

29.14

70.86

0.77, (0.48–1.25)

0.99, (0.59–1.66)

Richest

21.76

78.24

0.73, (0.40–1.35)

1.26, (0.65–2.45)

13.

type of cooking fuel

electricity

21.96

78.04

1.00

1.00

lpg/natural gas/bio gas/ kerosene

27.45

72.55

0.79, (0.23–2.70)

0.80, (0.24–2.64)

Charcoal

21.46

78.54

0.94, (0.55–1.61)

0.84, (0.48–1.45)

wood

28.45

71.55

0.79, (0.45–1.36)

0.79, (0.43–1.45)

straw/crop/animal dung

37.23

62.77

1.13, (0.54–2.35)

1.01, (0.47–2.18)

Others

29.61

70.39

0.51, (0.08–3.16)

0.63, (0.09–4.53)

1)

Regions

Tigray

43.31

56.69

1.00

1.00

Afar

42.99

57.01

1.00, (0.68–1.46)

0.95, (0.52–1.744)

Amhara

34.32

65.68

0.64, (0.45–0.92) *

0.56, (0.37–0.85) **

Oromia

26.58

73.42

0.42, (0.30–0.59) ***

0.31, (0.18–0.53) ***

Somali

45.14

54.86

1.07, (0 .72–1.60)

1.05, (0.57–1.94)

Benishangul

20.78

79.22

0.30, (0.21–0.46) ***

0.22, (0.13–0.39) ***

SNNPR

17.37

82.63

0.24, (0.16–0.35) ***

0.18, (0.10–0.33) ***

Gambela

38.29

61.71

0.97, (0.58–1.6)

0.73, (0.37–1.43)

Harari

29.98

70.02

0.70, (0.44–1.12)

0.61, (0.33–1.14)

Addis Ababa

20.35

0.57, (0.38–0.86) **

0.58, (0.34–0.98) *

Dire-Dawa

28.46

71.54

0.73, (0.43–1.24)

0.76, (0.38–1.56)

2)

Place of residence

Urban

19.51

80.49

1.00

1.00

Rural

30.86

69.14

2.21, (1.57–3.10 ***

2.33, (1.29–4.22) **