Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants based on diabetes treatment initiation (n = 137,852)
Treatment initiation group (n = 3315) | Non-initiation group (n = 134,537) | Standardized difference score | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||
Age, years (mean, SD) | 69.13 (8.85) | 68.57 (9.89) | −0.060 |
Sex (n, %) | 0.276 | ||
Female | 1455 (43.89) | 77,449 (57.57) | |
Male | 1860 (56.11) | 57,088 (42.43) | |
Clinical characteristics | |||
BMI (mean, SD) | 24.17 (3.69) | 22.28 (3.10) | −0.552 |
SBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 131.98 (15.90) | 128.17 (16.26) | −0.237 |
DBP, mmHg (mean, SD) | 76.02 (10.66) | 74.47 (10.56) | −0.146 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 141.81 (100.28) | 108.76 (65.34) | −0.391 |
HDL, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 56.70 (15.01) | 63.52 (16.56) | 0.432 |
LDL, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 125.11 (31.03) | 124.38 (29.39) | −0.024 |
FBG, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 122.90 (27.69) | 94.23 (11.32) | −1.357 |
GOT, IU/L (mean, SD) | 27.07 (14.74) | 23.69 (9.06) | −0.276 |
GPT, IU/L (mean, SD) | 27.02 (20.18) | 19.35 (11.80) | −0.464 |
γ-GTP, IU/L (mean, SD) | 46.64 (74.68) | 30.18 (34.86) | −0.283 |
HbA1c, % (mean, SD) | 6.62 (0.87) | 5.57 (0.35) | −1.576 |
Hematocrit, % (mean, SD) | 43.04 (4.06) | 41.55 (3.89) | −0.373 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean, SD) | 14.18 (1.48) | 13.60 (1.40) | −0.405 |
RBC, 104/μL (mean, SD) | 458.94 (46.97) | 441.68 (43.67) | −0.381 |
Uric acid, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 5.41 (1.31) | 5.17 (1.34) | −0.184 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL (mean, SD) | 0.78 (0.28) | 0.76 (0.31) | −0.075 |
eGFR, mL/min (mean, SD) | 70.37 (15.64) | 69.25 (14.74) | −0.074 |
Urine glucose (n, %) | 0.443 | ||
Negative | 2925 (88.24) | 132,761 (98.68) | |
Trace | 95 (2.87) | 665 (0.49) | |
1+ | 109 (3.29) | 460 (0.34) | |
2+ | 71 (2.14) | 200 (0.15) | |
3+ | 110 (3.32) | 164 (0.12) | |
Urine protein (n, %) | 0.205 | ||
Negative | 2704 (81.57) | 118,467 (88.06) | |
Trace | 333 (10.05) | 10,272 (7.64) | |
1+ | 187 (5.64) | 4172 (3.10) | |
2+ | 64 (1.93) | 1086 (0.81) | |
3+ | 23 (0.69) | 250 (0.19) | |
Anti-hypertensive drugs (n, %) | 1750 (52.79) | 51,296 (38.13) | 0.298 |
Lipid-lowering drugs (n, %) | 1090 (32.88) | 32,496 (24.15) | 0.194 |
Treatment history (n, %) | |||
Cerebrovascular disease | 196 (5.91) | 5471 (4.07) | 0.085 |
Cardiovascular disease | 277 (8.36) | 8384 (6.23) | 0.082 |
Lifestyle characteristics | |||
Daily smoking (n, %) | 420 (12.67) | 11,875 (8.83) | 0.124 |
Alcohol consumption (n, %) | 0.047 | ||
Daily | 719 (21.69) | 26,793 (19.91) | |
Sometimes | 635 (19.16) | 25,606 (19.03) | |
Never | 1788 (53.94) | 74,882 (55.66) | |