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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and rate of occurrence of each of the investigated outcomes

From: Performance of quantitative measures of multimorbidity: a population-based retrospective analysis

 

No. (%)

All-cause death

Hospitalization

Non-scheduled hospitalization

Primary care visits

ER utilization

Medication use

Admission to skilled nursing facility

Expenditure

Gender

 Male

3,022,978 (48.6)

1.09

8.17

4.09

4.53

3.63

4.15

0.79

6.13

 Female

3,201,338 (51.4)

1.04

9.70

4.80

5.93

4.73

6.35

1.00

5.70

Age group

 18–44

2,654,178 (42.6)

0.05

4.94

2.70

1.33

3.89

0.57

0.02

1.92

 45–64

2,097,515 (33.7)

0.34

6.92

2.56

3.26

2.88

3.13

0.22

5.00

 65–74

729,565 (11.7)

1.19

14.61

5.80

8.50

4.68

11.48

1.07

10.56

 75–84

476,422 (7.7)

3.64

22.49

11.89

19.19

7.84

21.32

3.82

17.28

  > 84

266,636 (4.3)

11.90

25.34

19.89

26.17

9.73

23.50

9.27

19.64

Socioeconomic status1

 High

59,250 (1.0)

0.54

3.31

1.55

0.96

0.93

1.66

0.12

2.62

 Moderate

1,988,779 (32)

0.65

7.01

3.05

3.10

2.50

3.30

0.42

4.21

 Low

3,948,857 (63.4)

1.27

9.87

5.10

6.23

4.85

6.08

1.13

6.55

 Very low

227,430 (3.7)

1.16

11.66

6.36

8.09

8.43

9.58

1.18

10.38

  1. 1Stratified into four categories of pharmaceutical co-payment: Very low (unemployed or recipient of social rescue aids), low (annual income < 18,000 €), moderate (annual income 18,000 to 100,000 €), and high (annual income > 100,000 €)
  2. Categorical outcomes were transformed to binary variables using the 95th percentile of the given variable among the target population as cut-off: admission to a skilled nursing facility for intermediate care (i.e., one or more admissions), admission to emergency room (i.e., more than two admissions), visit to primary care services (i.e., more than 21 visits), medication use (i.e., dispensation of more than 13 drugs belonging to different 5-digit group of the anatomic-therapeutic classification), expenditure (.i.e., healthcare cost above 4315.1 €)