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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

From: Diabetes severity measured by treatment control status and number of anti-diabetic drugs affects presenteeism among workers with type 2 diabetes

 

Normal

group

n = 11,494

Good

control group

n = 300

Intermediate

control

group

n = 105

Poor

control

group

n = 80

Age, years, mean (SD)

49.0 (5.7)

53.3 (5.2)

53.2 (4.9)

51.3 (5.1)

Gender, %

 Male

76.9

95.7

92.4

93.7

 Female

23.1

4.3

7.6

6.3

Employment status, %

 Full-time

97.8

96.9

98.0

98.7

 Contract

2.0

2.8

2.0

1.3

 Part-time or Temporary

0.1

0.3

0

0

Occupation, %

 Managerial

39.7

42.1

41.3

26.9

 Clerical

15.9

10.2

10.9

11.9

 Sales

20.5

34.6

26.1

46.3

 Research & Development

10.5

4.3

7.6

3.0

 Engineering

4.6

3.1

3.3

1.5

 Production line

8.1

4.7

8.7

10.4

 Other

0.8

0.8

2.2

0

Smoking status, %

20.1

31.7

31.4

28.8

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

23.0 (3.1)

26.5 (4.3)

26.8 (3.8)

28.1 (3.9)

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD)

91.6 (7.6)

118.9 (20.3)

142.1 (25.2)

184.0 (46.9)

HbA1c (NGSP) (%), mean (SD)

5.4 (0.3)

6.3 (0.4)

7.4 (0.3)

9.2 (1.4)

Therapy type, %

 Monotherapy

–

48.7

29.5

16.3

 Combination therapy

–

51.3

70.5

83.8

Quantity of work, mean (SD)

9.0 (1.7)

8.9 (1.7)

8.7 (2.1)

8.7 (2.2)

Quality of work, mean (SD)

8.9 (1.8)

8.9 (1.8)

8.6 (2.1)

8.4 (2.4)

Presenteeism loss, mean (SD)

16.8 (24.4)

17.6 (24.8)

21.8 (27.7)

22.7 (30.7)

Symptom days in the past month, mean (SD)

8.3 (10.4)

9.1 (10.9)

9.3 (11.0)

9.0 (10.2)

  1. SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c,
  2. NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; Combination therapy, 2 or more anti-diabetic drugs; Presenteeism loss, productivity loss due to presenteeism
  3. Presenteeism loss = 100 − Quantity (range: 0–10) × Quality (range: 0–10)